Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring Field Performance. by John Dunnicliff, paperback edition 1993. Wiley, New York, N.Y., 577 pp., £41.50, appr. $64, ISBN 0-471-00546-0.     

I.W. Farmer 《Engineering Geology》1994,37(3-4):311

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Scientific objectives of the Solar Mesosphere Explorer mission     

Gary E. Thomas  Charles A. Barth  Elaine R. Hansen  Charles W. Hord  George M. Lawrence  George H. Mount  Gary J. Rottman  David W. Rusch  A. Ian Stewart  Ronald J. Thomas  Julius London  Paul L. Bailey  Paul J. Crutzen  Robert E. Dickinson  John C. Gille  Shaw C. Liu  John F. Noxon  Crofton B. Farmer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):591-615

The 1981–82 Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) mission is described. The SME experiment will provide a comprehensive study of mesospheric ozone and the processes which form and destroy it. Five instruments will be carried on the spinning spacecraft to measure the ozone density and its altitude distribution from 30 to 80 km, monitor the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation, and measure other atmospheric constituent which affect ozone. The polar-orbiting spacecraft will be placed into a 3pm-3 am Sun-synchronous orbit. The atmospheric measurements will scan the Earth's limb and measure: (1) the mesospheric and stratospheric ozone density distribution by inversion of Rayleigh-scattered ultraviolet limb radiance, and the thermal emission from ozone at 9.6 m; (2) the water vapor density distribution by inversion of thermal emission at 6.3 m; (3) the ozone photolysis rate by inversion of the O₂(¹g) 1.27 m limb radiance; (4) the temperature profile by a combination of narrow-band and wide-band measurements of the 15 m thermal emission by CO₂; and, (5) theNO₂ density distribution by inversion of Rayleighscattered limb radiance at 0.439 m. The solar ultraviolet monitor will measure both the 0.2–0.31 m spectral region and the Lyman-alpha (0.1216 m) contribution to the solar irradiance. This combination of measurements will provide a rigorous test of the photochemical equilibrium theory of the mesospheric oxygen-hydrogen system, will determine what changes occur in the ozone distribution as a result of changes in the incoming solar radiation, and will detect changes that may occur as a result of meteorological disturbances.  相似文献   

Ground disturbance caused by shield tunnelling in a stiff, overconsolidated clay     

P.B. Attewell  I.W. Farmer 《Engineering Geology》1974,8(4):361-381

Attewell, P.B. and Farmer, I.W., 1974. Ground disturbance caused by shield tunnelling in a stiff, overconsolidated clay. Eng. Geol., 8: 361–381.

Some of the factors affecting ground deformation around shield tunnelling excavations in stiff clays are considered. There is particular reference throughout the paper to an analysis and interpretation of measured ground deformation around a 4.146-m diameter, hand-excavated, shield-driven tunnel at a nominal axis depth of 29.3 m in the overconsolidated London Clay. The maximum surface settlement was found, by precise levelling, to be 6.1 mm but the shape of the transverse surface settlement profile conformed to a normal probability curve only up to the time of shield passage. Of the contributory ground losses at the tunnel, yield of the clay at the tunnel face appears to dominate to the extent of generating up to 50% of the eventual surface settlement. Measurement evidence suggests a rate of yield at the face that is 2 to 3 times the radial yield over the shield and implies that up to about one-fifth of the surface settlement could be attributed to radial yield into the grouted sections of the erected tunnel lining.  相似文献   

Auswertung von Seegangsregistrierungen des Forschungsschiffes “Atlantis“ mit dem „ship-borne wave recorder“ sowie Vergleich mit entsprechenden Seegangsberechnungen aus den Windverhältnissen (hindcasting)     

H. Walden  H. G. Farmer 《Ocean Dynamics》1957,10(4):121-134

Zusammenfassung Im November und Dezember 1956 wurden auf dem Forschungsschiff Atlantis im Atlantischen Ozean mit dem ship-borne wave recorder nach M. J. Tucker Registrierungen des Seegangs gewonnen. Diese Messungen wurden auf zweierlei Weise statistisch ausgewertet, nämlich 1. durch Berechnung von Mittelwerten aus Einzelwerten, die der Registrierkurve unmittelbar entnommen wurden und 2. durch Bestimmung der entsprechenden Mittelwerte aus einem Wellenspektrum, das vorher mittels spezieller Analyse ermittelt worden war. Die sich ergebenden Größen werden miteinander verglichen. Der Einfluß, den die Bandbreite des Spektrums nach Cartwright und Longuet-Higgins auf bestimmte statistische Seegangsgrößen ausübt, wird berechnet. Die aus den Registrierungen ermittelten Werte für die Wellenhöhe und die Wellenperiode werden mit den entsprechenden Größen verglichen, die sich beim hindcasting unter Benutzung von Wetterkarten nach verschiedenen Methoden ergeben. Die auf Grund der Diagramme von Pierson, Jr.-Neumann-James, von Bretschneider-Wilson und von H. Walden bestimmten kennzeichnenden Wellenhöhen sind höher, die nach dem Verfahren von J. Darbyshire berechneten niedriger als die entsprechenden beobachteten Größen. Bei den Perioden sind die in den behandelten Fällen nach den Methoden von Bretschneider-Wilson und von Darbyshire berechneten Werte durchschnittlich größer, die nach dem Diagramm von Walden bestimmten Größen kleiner als die Perioden, die man aus den Registrierungen mit dem ship-borne wave recorder ermittelt.

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Evaluation of sea records obtained from the ship-borne wave recorder on board the research vessel Atlantis and comparison with corresponding wave computations from wind conditions (hindcasting)

Summary On a cruise with the research vessel Atlantis in the North Atlantic, in November and December 1956, sea records were obtained from the ship-borne wave recorder after M. J. Tucker. Two different statistical methods were used in evaluating these records, viz. 1. mean values were computed from the records and 2. the respective mean values were derived from a wave spectrum that beforehand had been obtained by special analysis. The resulting values are compared with one another. From the analysis it is found that the relative width of the wave spectrum is significant in determining the wave heights, whether treating recorded wave data or determining the wave height from a forecast or hindcast wave spectrum. The effect is computed according to Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins. The values of wave height and wave period obtained from the records are compared to the corresponding values derived by different methods from weather maps (hindcasting). The significant wave heights hindcast with the aid of diagrams by Pierson, Jr.-Neumann-James, by Bretschneider-Wilson and by H. Walden, are higher, those computed by means of J. Darbyshire's procedure are lower than the appropriate observed values. The values of periods hindcast according to the methods by Bretschneider-Wilson and by Darbyshire are, on an average, greater, those determined from the diagrams by Walden are smaller than the values of periods obtained from the ship-borne wave recorder.

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Des enregistrements élaborés de la mer agitée obtenus à l'aide d'un instrument enregistreur («ship-borne wave recorder») installé à bord du navire de recherche «Atlantis», sont comparés à des calculs correspondants de la mer agitée déterminée à partir des conditions des vents («hindcasting»)

Résumé En novembre et en décembre 1956, des enregistrements de la mer agitée ont été effectués en Atlantique Nord à l'aide d'un instrument enregistreur des vagues d'après M. J. Tucker, dit le «ship-borne wave recorder», installé à bord du navire de recherche «Atlantis». On s'est servi de deux méthodes différentes en exploitant ces enregistrements, à savoir: 1⁰ des valeurs moyennes ont été dérivées des valeurs, prises immédiatement des courbes d'enregistrement et 2⁰ des valeurs moyennes correspondantes ont été dérivées du spectre des vagues que l'on avait au paravant obtenu au moyen d'une analyse spéciale. Dans le travail actuel, les valeurs résultant de ces processus sont comparées entre elles. L'effet que, d'après Cartwright et Longuet-Higgins, la largeur de bande du spectre a sur des quantités statistiques de la mer agitée est calculé. Les valeurs de la hauteur des vagues et de la période des vagues résultant des enregistrements sont mises en parallèle avec des valeurs correspondantes calculées au moyen des méthodes différentes à partir des cartes météorologiques («hindcasting»). Il se montre que les hauteurs significatives des vagues, résultant de l'application des diagrammes de Pierson, Jr.-Neumann-James et de ceux de Bretschneider-Wilson et de H. Walden sont plus élevées, au revanche, les hauteurs significatives qui résultent de l'application de la méthode de J. Darbyshire sont plus faibles que les valeurs observées. Les valeurs des périodes de vagues calculées dans ce travail d'après les méthodes de Bretschneider-Wilson et de Darbyshire sont, en moyene, plus élevées, celles qui ont été déterminées à l'aide du diagramme de Walden sont plus faibles que les valeurs des périodes prises des enregistrements de l'instrument enregistreur d'après Tucker.

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Contribution number 850 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  相似文献   

Infections and Inequalities     

Paul Farmer  David Walton  Laura Tarter 《Global Change & Human Health》2000,1(2):94-109

Anthrax. The word conjures images of germ warfare, which is pretty ridiculous when you discover that we're not really sure anthrax has ever been used in this fashion. Germ warfare is certainly not what came to mind when a six-year-old girl showed up in our clinic with half of her face puffed up like a balloon, her right eye swollen shut (Figure 1). We were in rural Haiti, where a very different sort of germ warfare is the rule. So what came to mind that day was the word epidemic, and sure enough a young woman from the same village was also diagnosed with cutaneous anthrax—called charbon in Haiti, "malignant pustule" in the older textbooks—on her right chest wall. Soon after their arrival, both were receiving intravenous penicillin; they would recover completely. Later that night, the clinic's medical staff held a meeting. Another anthrax case had been diagnosed a few days earlier, and the patient was from the same area. It seemed increasingly likely that we were dealing with an epidemic. By morning, we learned that a young man from the village had just died of charbon. Why? "Because he didn't have enough money to get here." It costs no more than four dollars to take a truck from their village to our clinic. It was an epidemic, all right, and it had already taken a life.  相似文献   

The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S M Clifford  D Crisp  D A Fisher  K E Herkenhoff  S E Smrekar  P C Thomas  D D Wynn-Williams  R W Zurek  J R Barnes  B G Bills  E W Blake  W M Calvin  J M Cameron  M H Carr  P R Christensen  B C Clark  G D Clow  J A Cutts  D Dahl-Jensen  W B Durham  F P Fanale  J D Farmer  F Forget  K Gotto-Azuma  H J Zwally 《Icarus》2000,144(2):210-242

As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of approximately 10(6) km2 and total as much as 3-4 km thick. From the scarcity of superposed craters on their surface, these layered deposits are thought to be comparatively young--preserving a record of the seasonal and climatic cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and dust over the past approximately 10(5)-10(8) years. For this reason, the martian polar deposits may serve as a Rosetta Stone for understanding the geologic and climatic history of the planet--documenting variations in insolation (due to quasiperiodic oscillations in the planet's obliquity and orbital elements), volatile mass balance, atmospheric composition, dust storm activity, volcanic eruptions, large impacts, catastrophic floods, solar luminosity, supernovae, and perhaps even a record of microbial life. Beyond their scientific value, the polar regions may soon prove important for another reason--providing a valuable and accessible reservoir of water to support the long-term human exploration of Mars. In this paper we assess the current state of Mars polar research, identify the key questions that motivate the exploration of the polar regions, discuss the extent to which current missions will address these questions, and speculate about what additional capabilities and investigations may be required to address the issues that remain outstanding.  相似文献   

Use of Pb/Pb ratios to investigate the surface integrity of peat cores used to study the recent depositional history and geochemical behaviour of inorganic elements in peat bogs     

J.G. Farmer  M.C. Graham  C. Yafa  J.M. Cloy  A.J. Freeman  A.B. MacKenzie 《Global and Planetary Change》2006,53(4):240

The well characterised temporal trend in the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb atom ratio of atmospheric lead deposition in Scotland during the 20th century was used to investigate the surface integrity of several cores collected by different methods from Flanders Moss ombrotrophic peat bog, central Scotland, during 1996–2001. Based on ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb profile comparisons, in conjunction with identified ²¹⁰Pb radionuclide inventory deficits for two of the cores, it was deduced that 25 ± 7 yrs worth of material was missing from the more seriously affected core. After allowing for an appropriate vertical offset based on ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb profile matching, the subsequent matching of profiles of titanium, lead, sulfur, arsenic, iron, phosphorus and manganese in three cores for which total concentration data were available was excellent. Without such offset correction, erroneous conclusions could have been drawn concerning the recent historical record of anthropogenic lead and arsenic deposition, the position of the redox boundary, which controls geochemical cycling and enrichment of iron, and the nutrient recycling status of manganese and phosphorus in the near-surface vegetation. Topographic, vegetative and coring (both device and operator) influences may have been responsible, thus endorsing the use of reliable, multiple core sampling and the use of lead isotope ratio profiles, supplemented by appropriate radionuclide data, in both assessing and ensuring the surface integrity of peat cores.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

I. W. Farmer 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1987,5(2):171-172

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Importance of aeolian processes in the origin of the north polar chasmata, Mars     

Nicholas H. Warner  Jack D. Farmer 《Icarus》2008,196(2):368-384

A detailed examination of the location and orientation of sand dunes and other aeolian features within the north polar chasmata indicates that steep scarps strongly influence the direction and intensity of prevailing winds. These steep scarps are present at the heads and along the margins of the north polar chasmata. Topographic profiles of the arcuate head scarps and equator-facing wall of Chasma Boreale reveal unusually steep polar slopes ranging from ∼6°-30°. The relatively steep-sloped (∼8°), sinuous scarp at the head of two smaller chasmata, located west of Chasma Boreale, exhibits an obvious resistant cap-forming unit. Scarp retreat is occurring in places where the cap unit is actively being undercut by descending slope winds. Low-albedo surfaces lacking sand dunes or dust mantles are present at the base of the polar scarps. A ∼100-300 m deep moat, located at the base of the scarps, corresponds with these surfaces and indicates an area of active aeolian scour from descending katabatic winds. Small local dust storms observed along the equator-facing wall of Chasma Boreale imply that slope wind velocities in Chasma Boreale are sufficient to mobilize dust and sand-sized particles in the Polar Layered Deposits (PLD). Two amphitheater forms, located above the cap-forming unit of the sinuous scarp and west of Chasma Boreale, may represent an early stage of polar scarp and chasma formation. These two forms are developing within a younger section of polar layered materials. The unusually steep scarps associated with the polar chasmata have developed where resistant layers are present in the PLD, offering resistance during the headward erosion and poleward retreat of the scarps. Steep slopes that formed under these circumstances enhance the flow of down-scarp katabatic winds. On the basis of these observations, we reject the fluvial outflood hypothesis for the origin of the north polar chasmata and embrace a wind erosion model for their long-term development. In the aeolian model, off-pole katabatic winds progressively remove materials from the steep slopes below chasmata scarps, undermining resistant layers at the tops of scarps and causing retreat by headward erosion. Assuming a minimum age for the onset of formation of Chasma Boreale (10⁵ yr) results in a maximum volumetric erosion rate of . Removal of this volume of material from the equator-facing wall and head scarps of chasma would require a rate for scarp retreat of .  相似文献   

Book reviews     

I. W. Farmer 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1983,1(4):375-376

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