Rotational and vibrational temperatures of BaO from a barium release at 170 km, and the synthetic spectrum of BaO in the region 4700 Å to 15,500 Å     

V. Degen  N. Brown  G. J. Romick 《Planetary and Space Science》1971,19(12):1625-1636

Band spectra of BaO covering a total wavelength region of 5050 Å-9300 Å were recorded from the ground with a scanning spectrophotometer at 7.1 Å resolution during a series of barium rocket releases at College, Alaska in the Spring of 1969. Rotational and vibrational temperatures, both equal to approximately 850°K at the release altitude of 170 km, were inferred by matching the release spectra with calculated synthetic spectra. This temperature persisted throughout the observing period, from release + 20 sec to 14 min after release.

Analysis of the BaO band spectrum over a large wavelength region reveals that rotational temperatures are best determined at wavelengths below 5500 Å, and that vibrational temperatures should be measured at wavelengths greater than 5500 Å. Comparisons with synthetic spectra show that several broad emission features in the release spectra, located at about 7900 Å 8400 Å and 9000 Å, may be identified as clusters of overlapping BaO bands. A synthetic spectrum of BaO extending from 4700 Å to 15,000 Å is included for general reference and to facilitate future studies in that wavelength region.  相似文献   

The eastward electrojet in the dawn sector     

Gordon Rostoker  Marie Hron 《Planetary and Space Science》1975,23(10):1377-1389

Many previous researchers have shown that convection in the magnetosphere is reflected in the ionosphere by an eastward electrojet in the evening sector and a westward electrojet in the post-midnight sector. In this paper we shall demonstrate the existence of eastward electrojet flow in the dawn sector in the latitude regime normally occupied by the westward convection electrojet. It will be shown that the convection westward electrojet near dawn may co-exist with the eastward electrojet while lying poleward of it. It is suggested that this eastward electrojet consists of Pedersen current flow driven by an eastward electric field and it is shown that the field lines which penetrate the eastward electrojet are populated by energetic electrons normally associated with the plasma sheet as well as high energy electrons normally associated with the trapped particle population. The high conductivity channel is generated by processes associated with the precipitation of high energy (E > 20 keV) electrons drifting eastwards from midnight in the trapping region. It is further shown that antiparallel current sheets may flow on the magnetic lines of force penetrating the electrojet, and that this flow is closed in the ionosphere by Hall currents flowing equatorward in the high conductivity channel.  相似文献   

CONES OF RESOLUTION IN SPATIAL DIFFUSION STUDIES: A PERSPECTIVE*     

R. Keith Semple  Lawrence A. Brown 《The Professional geographer》1976,28(1):8-16

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ACQUAINTANCE CIRCLES AND COMMUNICATION: AN EXPLORATION OF HYPOTHESES RELATING TO INNOVATION ADOPTION*     

Aron N. Spector  Lawrence A. Brown  Edward J. Malecki 《The Professional geographer》1976,28(3):267-276

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The structure of high-temperature solar flare plasma in non-thermal flare models     

A. Gordon Emslie 《Solar physics》1985,98(2):281-291

We solve the energy equation for the high-temperature (coronal) component of flare plasma for two models of energy input: (i) direct collisional heating by a beam of suprathermal electrons, and (ii) ohmic heating by the beam-neutralizing reverse current. We discuss the regimes where each case is applicable, and solve for the differential emission measure distribution of the coronal plasma in each case. Scaling laws between loop temperatures and injected electron fluxes are derived for both models; these are testable observationally through coordinated soft X-ray and hard X-ray observations, thus providing a method of discriminating between the two cases. We also readdress the question of the energetic importance of a return current which is below the instability threshold for generation of ion-acoustic plasma turbulence. We find that unless the ambient coronal density is very low ( 10⁹ cm ^–3), collisional heating will always dominate there, in agreement with the findings of previous authors. However, in the chromosphere/corona transition region, the relatively low temperature and correspondingly high plasma resistivity imply that reverse current ohmic heating can predominate the flare energetics, by up to an order of magnitude.Presidential Young Investigator.  相似文献   

Hα profiles from electron-heated solar flares     

John C. Brown  Richard C. Canfield  Matthew N. Robertson 《Solar physics》1978,57(2):399-408

We briefly review the status of models of optical flare heating by electron bombardment. We recompute Brown's (1973a) flare model atmospheres using considerably revised radiative loss rates, based on Canfield's (1974b) method applied to , L, and H^–. Profiles of are computed and compared with observation. The computed profiles agree satisfactorily with those observed during the large 1972 August 7 flare, if spatial and velocity inhomogeneities are assumed. The electron injection rate inferred from is one order of magnitude less than that inferred from hard X-rays, for this event. This may be due to either (1) the neglect of a mechanism that reduces the thick-target electron injection rate or (2) failure to incorporate important radiative loss terms.  相似文献   

Geology of California | R.M. Norris and R.W. Webb, 1975. John Wiley,New York,N.Y., 365 pp., U.S. $ 13.95     

Gordon B. Oakeshott 《Earth》1977,13(3):302-303

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Climate Change Impacts for the Conterminous USA: An Integrated Assessment     

Allison?M.?ThomsonEmail author  Robert?A.?Brown  Norman?J.?Rosenberg  Raghavan?Srinivasan  R.?Cesar?Izaurralde 《Climatic change》2005,69(1):67-88

Global climate change will impact the hydrologic cycle by increasing the capacity of the atmosphere to hold moisture. Anticipated impacts are generally increased evaporation at low latitudes and increased precipitation at middle and high latitudes. General Circulation Models (GCMs) used to simulate climate disagree on whether the U.S. as a whole and its constituent regions will receive more or less precipitation as global warming occurs. The impacts on specific regions will depend on changes in weather patterns and are certain to be complex. Here we apply the suite of 12 potential climate change scenarios, previously described in Part 1, to the Hydrologic Unit Model of the United States (HUMUS) to simulate water supply in the conterminous United States in reference to a baseline scenario. We examine the sufficiency of this water supply to meet changing demands of irrigated agriculture. The changes in water supply driven by changes in climate will likely be most consequential in the semi-arid western parts of the country where water yield is currently scarce and the resource is intensively managed. Changes of greater than ±50% with respect to present day water yield are projected in parts of the Midwest and Southwest U.S. Interannual variability in the water supply is likely to increase where conditions become drier and to decrease under wetter conditions.  相似文献   

Comparison of mussels and semi-permeable membrane devices as intertidal monitors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at oil spill sites     

Boehm PD  Page DS  Brown JS  Neff JM  Edward Bence A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(7):740-750

Side-by-side comparisons of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in resident blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and in semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were made at four sites in Prince William Sound, Alaska. SPMDs were deployed for approximately 30 days on the surface of the beach sediment at three tidal elevations on each shore and in 0.5 m deep open pits in the middle intertidal zone. Total PAH (TPAH) concentrations in mussels and in SPMDs were correlated, but the PAH compositions were different. The lower molecular weight PAH were relatively more abundant in the SPMDs than in the mussels at oiled and HA sites. TPAH concentrations in SPMDs deployed in pits and mussels collected adjacent to those pits at oiled sites were higher than in SPMDs and mussels from non-pitted SPMD locations approximately 3-15 m from the pits. Pitting released buried oil making its PAH bioavailable. SPMDs deployed in the supratidal zone (+4.0 m tidal elevation) were exposed to atmospheric contaminants for a large fraction of the deployment time and accumulated primarily pyrogenic (combustion-sourced) PAH from the atmosphere. The SPMD strips supplied by the manufacturer contained significant amounts (approximately 125 ng/strip) of primarily alkylated 2-3 ring PAH. These blank levels make SPMDs unsuitable for shoreline assessments when environmental PAH concentrations are low. Consequently, where available, mussels are recommended for use in assessments of the bioavailability of buried oil residues sequestered in intertidal sediments following an oil spill. Mussels are the preferred monitoring tool when the assessments involve food-chain effects. At locations where the absence of mussels necessitates the use of SPMDs or other passive sampling devices, their limitations need to be carefully considered in the interpretation of results.  相似文献   

Determination of Electron Flux Spectra in a Solar Flare with an Augmented Regularization Method: Application to Rhessi Data     

Eduard?P.?KontarEmail author  A.?Gordon?Emslie  Michele?Piana  Anna?Maria?Massone  John?C.?Brown 《Solar physics》2005,226(2):317-325

Kontar et al. (2004) have shown how to recover mean source electron spectra in solar flares through a physical constraint regularization analysis of the bremsstrahlung photon spectra I() that they produce. They emphasize the use of non-square inversion techniques, and preconditioning combined with physical properties of the spectra to achieve the most meaningful solution to the problem. Higher-order regularization techniques may be used to generate forms with certain desirable properties (e.g., higher-order derivatives). They further note that such analysis may be used to infer properties of the electron energy spectra at energies well above the maximum photon energy observed. In this paper we apply these techniques to data from a solar flare observed by RHESSI on 26 February, 2002. Results using different orders of regularization are presented and compared for various time intervals. Clear evidence is presented for a change in the value of the high-energy cutoff in the mean source electron spectrum with time. We also show how the construction of the injected electron spectrum F₀(E₀) (assuming that Coulomb collisions in a cold target dominate the electron transport) is facilitated by the use of higher-order regularization methods.  相似文献