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151.
Gunnar Grendstad 《GeoJournal》1999,47(3):463-475
The existence of culture is far less contested than the ways in which one can conceptualize, theorize and measure it. Grid-group
theory is a typological contribution to the field of political culture. It identifies one dimension of individuality (grid)
and one dimension of social incorporation (group). Combined, these dimensions demarcate four omnipresent and interdependent
cultures - hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism and fatalism - each of which interlocks a social pattern with a type of
cultural bias. The overall political cultural configuration of a country is determined by the given combination of the four
cultures, each of whose size can be measured by the number of adherents. The estimated configurations of twelve European countries
are obtained by analyzing two waves of the World Values Study in 1981 and 1990 (N=34,858). The results show that egalitarianism
is dominant in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands, whereas fatalism is dominant in Great Britain, Ireland and southern
Europe. Further analysis confirms the hypothesized correspondance between egalitarianism and Inglehart's concept of postmaterialism,
both of which, in turn, are related to proenvironmental concern.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
152.
Belinda Larsen Agust Gudmundsson Ivar Grunnaleite Gunnar Sælen Michael R. Talbot Simon J. Buckley 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2010
The permeability of a reservoir is particularly dependent upon the proportion of its fractures that penetrate or are arrested at interfaces such as contacts and discontinuities. Here we report on fracture penetration and fracture arrest in Lower Cretaceous peritidal deposits exposed in the Pizzicoli Quarry, Gargano Promontory, southern Italy. We measured more than 2000 fractures, in the field and using LIDAR data, of which 564 fractures from the field and 518 from LIDAR studies are the focus of this paper. Fracture arrest/deflection and penetration depend much on the effects of peritidal cycle interfaces such as paleosol horizons, laminated carbonate mudstones, and stylonodular horizons. The laminated mudstones have the greatest effect; 63–99% of the fractures are deflected or arrested at such interfaces, whereas 63–90% are deflected/arrested at paleosols, and 20–35% at stylonodular horizons. In the mudstones, many fractures are arrested at thin, internal laminae, such that few penetrate the entire laminated layer, and fewer still the boundaries between the layers. Paleosol interfaces deflect/arrest more than 60% of all fractures. However, when small-offset fractures above and below paleosols are regarded as penetrating, they are evenly spaced (non-clustered), so that fracture-related fluid transport may occur across the entire paleosol. Stylonodular horizons deflect/arrest and split some fractures, but generally have little effect compared with the other types of interfaces. We present three main mechanisms for fracture deflection and/or arrest: (1) the fracture-induced tensile stress ahead of its tip, referred to as the Cook-Gordon debonding mechanism; (2) rotation of the principal stresses at and across the interface, resulting in the formation of stress barriers; and (3) large elastic mismatch (particularly as regards Young’s moduli) between layers across an interface. All these mechanisms are likely to have operated during fracture propagation and arrest in the carbonate rocks of the Pizzicoli Quarry. 相似文献
153.
Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast: update to 2003 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
With data from the annual analyses of mussels and oysters collected in 1986-1993 from sites located throughout the coastal United States [O'Connor, T.P., 1996. Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast from 1986 to 1993. Mar. Environ. Res. 41, 183-200] showed decreasing trends, on a national scale, for chemicals whose use has been banned or has greatly decreased and that concentrations of most other chemicals were neither increasing nor decreasing. With data through 2003 those conclusions still apply. National median concentrations of synthetic organic chemicals and cadmium continue to decrease. The added data show that concentrations of lindane and high molecular weight PAHs are also decreasing on a national scale. For metals other than cadmium and zinc (in mussels), the added data reveal trends at more sites than in 1993 but no additional national trends. However, the longer time series has revealed several local and regional trends. 相似文献