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41.
Roland Séférian Laurent Bopp Marion Gehlen James C. Orr Christian Ethé Patricia Cadule Olivier Aumont David Salas y Mélia Aurore Voldoire Gurvan Madec 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(9-10):2549-2573
We have assessed the ability of a common ocean biogeochemical model, PISCES, to match relevant modern data fields across a range of ocean circulation fields from three distinct Earth system models: IPSL-CM4-LOOP, IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1. The first of these Earth system models has contributed to the IPCC 4th assessment report, while the latter two are contributing to the ongoing IPCC 5th assessment report. These models differ with respect to their atmospheric component, ocean subgrid-scale physics and resolution. The simulated vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers suffer from biases in ocean circulation and a poor representation of the sinking fluxes of matter. Nevertheless, differences between upper and deep ocean model skills significantly point to changes in the underlying model representations of ocean circulation. IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1 poorly represent deep-ocean circulation compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP degrading the vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers. However, their representations of surface wind, wind stress, mixed-layer depth and geostrophic circulations (e.g., Antarctic Circumpolar Current) have been improved compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP. These improvements result in a better representation of large-scale structure of biogeochemical fields in the upper ocean. In particular, a deepening of 20–40 m of the summer mixed-layer depth allows to capture the 0–0.5 μgChl L?1 concentrations class of surface chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean. Further improvements in the representation of the ocean mixed-layer and deep-ocean ventilation are needed for the next generations of models development to better simulate marine biogeochemistry. In order to better constrain ocean dynamics, we suggest that biogeochemical or passive tracer modules should be used routinely for both model development and model intercomparisons. 相似文献
42.
Anne Marie Treguier Claire Gourcuff Pascale Lherminier Herle Mercier Bernard Barnier Gurvan Madec Jean-Marc Molines Thierry Penduff Lars Czeschel Claus Böning 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(5-6):568-580
Numerical models are used to estimate the meridional overturning and transports along the paths of two hydrographic cruises,
carried out in 1997 and 2002 from Greenland to Portugal. We have examined the influence of the different paths of the two
cruises and found that it could explain 0.4 to 2 Sv of difference in overturning (the precise value is model-dependent). Models
show a decrease in the overturning circulation between 1997 and 2002, with different amplitudes. The CLIPPER ATL6 model reproduces
well the observed weakening of the overturning in density coordinates between the cruises; in the model, the change is due
to the combination of interannual and high-frequency forcing and internal variability associated with eddies and meanders.
Examination of the -coordinate overturning reveals model–data discrepancies: the vertical structure in the models does not change as much as
the observed one. The East Greenland current variability is mainly wind-forced in the ATL6 model, while fluctuations due to
eddies and instabilities explain a large part of the North Atlantic Current variability. The time-residual transport of dense
water and heat due to eddy correlations between currents and properties is small across this section, which is normal to the
direction of the main current. 相似文献