中国钛白粉生产环境效应及可持续发展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

丁浩  刘玉芹  周红 《地学前缘》2014,21(5):294-301

钛白粉是钛氧化物的主要产品形态,其制造和使用是钛资源的主要利用方式。钛白粉生产中存在的资源消耗量大、环境污染严重和成本、价格高等问题对钛白粉产业和钛白粉应用领域各产业的发展形成严重制约,中国钛白粉生产未来还面临钛资源形态不匹配等问题。中国钛白粉企业现有硫酸法制造工艺的优化、转型升级和采用材料复合技术制备可节代二氧化钛的钛白代用材料应成为其可持续发展的对策。  相似文献   

海相遗迹学的成就、问题与展望          下载免费PDF全文

范若颖  龚一鸣 《古地理学报》2014,16(6):878-896

海相遗迹学经历了博物学者时代、藻类时代、大辩论时代、黎明时代,目前正处于现代遗迹学时代。海相遗迹学发展历程中的里程碑事件包括:博物学者对遗迹化石的初步研究、遗迹化石真实属性的确立、德国森根堡海洋研究所的建立、遗迹化石的行为习性分类,以及遗迹相、遗迹组构等重要概念的提出和发展。在系统回顾总结海相遗迹学成就和问题的基础上,着重展示了海相遗迹学发展的3个方向:遗迹化石三维形态重建与形态发生模拟,综合遗迹分类学以及微观手段的运用。海相遗迹学在诠释遗迹化石所反映的生物行为习性以及不同尺度生物—环境相互作用与协同演化等方面具有重要意义。  相似文献   

河南祁雨沟金矿临界-超临界包裹体特征及成矿流体演化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

熊索菲  姚书振  宫勇军  何谋春  祁冬梅  向鹏 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,44(1):120

河南省祁雨沟金矿床位于华北地块南部熊耳地体东北缘,是我国典型的角砾岩型金矿。该矿床临界-超临界流体包裹体的发现对研究成矿流体演化及成矿机制有重要意义。包裹体岩相学、显微测温以及激光拉曼显微探针（LRM）研究显示,祁雨沟J4角砾岩筒中发育临界状态均一的包裹体富含CO₂,这些包裹体出现在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段,并且在金品位最高的400-460中段出现最为集中,对成矿有明显的指示作用。临界-超临界流体来自富含挥发分的高氧化状态岩浆的出溶作用。流体演化先后经历了高氧化状态的岩浆-流体体系→临界-超临界流体体系→H₂O-NaCl和CO₂-H₂O流体体系→低盐度的H₂O-NaCl流体体系→H₂O流体体系。临界―超临界流体体系在383.7~387.2 ℃发生了沸腾作用,沸腾作用可能是祁雨沟金矿J4岩筒中成矿物质沉淀的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

Establishment and application of logging saturation interpretation equation in vuggy reservoirs     

Wen-Jie Sun  Ning Li  Hong-Liang Wu  Ke-Wen Wang  Gong Zhang 《应用地球物理》2014,11(3):257-268

Vuggy reservoirs are the most common, albeit important heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in China. However, saturation calculations using logging data are not well developed, whereas Archie method is more common. In this study, electrical conduction in a vuggy reservoir is theoretically analyzed to establish a new saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs. We found that vugs have a greater effect on saturation than resistivity, which causes inflection in the rock-electricity curve. Using single-variable experiments, we evaluated the effects of vug size, vug number, and vug distribution on the rock-electricity relation. Based on the general saturation model, a saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs is derived, and the physical significance of the equation parameters is discussed based on the seepage-electricity similarity. The equation parameters depend on the pore structure, and vugs and matrix pore size distribution. Furthermore, a method for calculating the equation parameters is proposed, which uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to calculate the capillary pressure curve. Field application of the proposed equation and parameter derivation method shows good match between calculated and experimental results, with an average absolute error of 5.8%.  相似文献   

交错网格中基于波数域插值的波场分离方法研究（英文）     

杜启振  张明强  陈晓冉  公绪飞  郭成锋 《应用地球物理》2014,(4):437-446

应用多分量地震资料进行成像时通常需要先做波场分离,然后再对分离的波型进行成像。其中,波场分离可以在空间域或波数域实现。然而,由于用交错网格有限差分进行弹性波场数值模拟时,用来进行波数域波场分离的质点振动速度分量定义在不同网格节点上,本文提出了利用波数域插值方法来估算同一网格节点所需质点振动速度值;进而给出了先进行波数域插值后进行波场分离的波数域保幅波场分离方案。数值实验结果表明波数域插值方法具有较高的插值精度且保幅波场分离方法具有较好的保幅性,将本文方法进一步应用于弹性波逆时偏移可以获得保幅性较好的成像结果且对存在一定程度速度误差情况具有较好的适应性。  相似文献   

A multi-resolution global land cover dataset through multisource data aggregation     

Le Yu  Jie Wang  XueCao Li  CongCong Li  YuanYuan Zhao  Peng Gong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2317-2329

Recent developments of 30 m global land characterization datasets(e.g., land cover, vegetation continues field) represent the finest spatial resolution inputs for global scale studies. Here, we present results from further improvement to land cover mapping and impact analysis of spatial resolution on area estimation for different land cover types. We proposed a set of methods to aggregate two existing 30 m resolution circa 2010 global land cover maps, namely FROM-GLC(Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring-Global Land Cover) and FROM-GLC-seg(Segmentation), with two coarser resolution global maps on development, i.e., Nighttime Light Impervious Surface Area(NL-ISA) and MODIS urban extent(MODIS-urban), to produce an improved 30 m global land cover map—FROM-GLC-agg(Aggregation). It was post-processed using additional coarse resolution datasets(i.e., MCD12Q1, GlobCover2009, MOD44 W etc.) to reduce land cover type confusion. Around 98.9% pixels remain 30 m resolution after some post-processing to this dataset. Based on this map, majority aggregation and proportion aggregation approaches were employed to create a multi-resolution hierarchy(i.e., 250 m, 500 m, 1 km, 5 km, 10 km, 25 km, 50 km, 100 km) of land cover maps to meet requirements for different resolutions from different applications. Through accuracy assessment, we found that the best overall accuracies for the post-processed base map(at 30 m) and the three maps subsequently aggregated at 250 m, 500 m, 1 km resolutions are 69.50%, 76.65%, 74.65%, and 73.47%, respectively. Our analysis of area-estimation biases for different land cover types at different resolutions suggests that maps at coarser than 5 km resolution contain at least 5% area estimation error for most land cover types. Proportion layers, which contain precise information on land cover percentage, are suggested for use when coarser resolution land cover data are required.  相似文献   

Suitability mapping of global wetland areas and validation with remotely sensed data     

Peng Zhu  Peng Gong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2283-2292

With increasing urbanization and agricultural expansion, large tracts of wetlands have been either disturbed or converted to other uses. To protect wetlands, accurate distribution maps are needed. However, because of the dramatic diversity of wetlands and difficulties in field work, wetland mapping on a large spatial scale is very difficult to do. Until recently there were only a few high resolution global wetland distribution datasets developed for wetland protection and restoration. In this paper, we used hydrologic and climatic variables in combination with Compound Topographic Index(CTI) data in modeling the average annual water table depth at 30 arc-second grids over the continental areas of the world except for Antarctica. The water table depth data were modeled without considering influences of anthropogenic activities. We adopted a relationship between potential wetland distribution and water table depth to develop the global wetland suitability distribution dataset. The modeling results showed that the total area of global wetland reached 3.316×107 km2. Remote-sensing-based validation based on a compilation of wetland areas from multiple sources indicates that the overall accuracy of our product is 83.7%. This result can be used as the basis for mapping the actual global wetland distribution. Because the modeling process did not account for the impact of anthropogenic water management such as irrigation and reservoir construction over suitable wetland areas, our result represents the upper bound of wetland areas when compared with some other global wetland datasets. Our method requires relatively fewer datasets and has a higher accuracy than a recently developed global wetland dataset.  相似文献   

Origin of Taiwan Canyon and its effects on deepwater sediment     

Shang Xu  YingMin Wang  XueChao Peng  HuaYao Zou  Yan Qiu  ChengLin Gong  HaiTeng Zhuo 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(11):2769-2780

The continental slope of the Taiwan Shoal, which has cultivated numerous submarine canyons, is located in a passive continental margin environment. However, the trend of the Taiwan Canyon, with its 45° intersection angle, is obviously different from that of the erosion valley downward along the continental slope. A distinct break is present in the lower segment of the Taiwan Canyon, which then extends from west to east parallel to the continental slope until finally joining the Manila Trench. By utilizing multiple-beam water depth data, high-resolution seismic data, and sediment cores, this study describes the topographic characteristics of the Taiwan Canyon and provides a preliminary discussion on the origin of the Taiwan Canyon and its effect on deepwater sediment. The terrain, landform, and sediment of the Taiwan Canyon exhibit segmentation characteristics. The upper segment is characterized primarily by erosion, downward cutting with a V shape, and wide development of sliding, slumping, and other gravity flow types. The middle segment is characterized mostly by U-shaped erosion-sedimentation transition and development of an inner levee. The lower segment is characterized primarily by sedimentation and development of a sediment wave. The bottom current has a significant reworking effect on the interior sediments of the canyon and forms reworked sands. The formation and evolution of the Taiwan Canyon is closely related to sediment supply, gravity sliding(slumping), faulting activities, and submarine impaling. Given the sufficient terrigenous clastic supply, the sediments along the continental shelf edge continuously proceed seaward; gliding and slumping in the front edge provide driving forces for the formation of the canyon. Faulting activities result in stratum crushing, and the gravity flow takes priority in eroding the relatively fragile stratum. Thus, the direction of the extension of the canyon crosses the surrounding erosion valley obliquely. Seamounts are formed through submarine impaling. Owing to seamount blocking, the lower segment of the canyon is turned toward the east–west direction. Large amounts of sediments overflow at the turning, forming sediment waves.  相似文献   

内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗三叠纪花岗质岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义     

张海华  郑月娟  陈树旺  李永飞  张健  卞雄飞  苏飞  公繁浩  黄欣 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(2):417-428

笔者对内蒙古科尔沁右翼中旗代钦塔拉地区出露的花岗质岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究,旨在探讨该区花岗岩成因类型和区域构造演化。研究区的花岗质岩主要以黑云母花岗岩和花岗闪长岩为主,岩石明显富SiO₂、Al₂O₃和碱质,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列的S型花岗岩;稀土元素标准化配分图总体呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损特点,LREE/HREE的值为3.12~16.17,平均为10.07;La_N/Yb_N为2.72~28.71,具中等程度的负Eu异常;岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Pb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Ce、Ti,具碰撞型花岗岩的特征。依据地球化学特征可将花岗岩划为低Sr低Yb型,说明花岗岩可能是在较高的压力下形成的。锆石U-Pb年龄为(242.6±2.5)Ma,表明该区古亚洲洋的俯冲碰撞发生在三叠纪,花岗岩体的形成与碰撞拼合有关。  相似文献   

对迭代法位场向下延拓方法的剖析     

于德武  龚胜平 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,45(3):934-940

位场向下延拓迭代法的实质内容是"向上延拓而不是向下延拓"和以"迭代的结果趋近于观测值"为标准的操作过程。根据数据操作流程剖析了位场向下延拓迭代法的运行机制,得到了迭代数据在空间域的变化规律,即用迭代法将观测高度的位场向下延拓一个深度h。这实际上是通过不同高度的向上延拓来实现的。也就是说,迭代次数增加一次,涉及的上延平面就增大一个h的高度。一般地,迭代次数n与上延高度h的关系为n~(n+1)h。在空间域中,初值、上延结果、差以及每一次校正后的结果都能用满足莱布尼兹定理的交错级数表示,从而得出了迭代法能够收敛的结论;或者,以"观测高度上的实测值与计算值的差值小到可以忽略"为标准,从数学上也能证明迭代法能够收敛。数学推论和模型试验结果说明了迭代的位场初值可以任意给定。在实际操作中,迭代误差标准的影响和由于迭代误差标准不恰当可能出现不能达到迭代标准的情况,需引起注意,也值得进一步研究。  相似文献