New palaeomagnetic data from Central Iran and a Triassic palaeoreconstruction     

H. C. Soffel  S. Schmidt  M. Davoudzadeh  C. Rolf 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(2):293-302

New pole positions for Triassic and Cretaceous times have been obtained from volcanic and sedimentary sequences in Central Iran. These new results confirm the general trend of the Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP) of the Central-East-Iran microplate (CEIM) from the Triassic through the Tertiary as published by Soffel and Förster (1983, 1984). Two new palaeopoles for the Triassic of the CEIM have been obtained; limestones and tuffs from the Nakhlak region yield a mean direction of 094.0°/25.0°, N=12, k=4.1,α ₉₅=24.7°, after bedding correction, corresponding to a palaeopole position of 310.8°E; 3.9°S, and volcanic rocks from the Sirjan regions yield a mean direction of 114.5°/35.1°, N=44, k=45.9,α ₉₅=3.2° after bedding correction and a palaeopole position of 295.8°E; 10.3°N. Combining these with the two previously published results yields a new palaeopole position of 317.5°E; 12.7°N, for the Triassic of the CEIM, thus confirming that large counterclockwise rotations of the CEIM have occurred since the Triassic time. New results have also been obtained from Cretaceous limestones from the Saghand region of the CEIM. The mean direction of 340.7°/26.3°, N=33, k=44.3,α ₉₅=3.8°, and the corresponding palaeopole position of 283.1°E; 64.4°N, is in agreement with previously determined Cretaceous palaeopole positions of the CEIM. Furthermore, results have also been obtained from Triassic dolomite, limestone, sandstone and siltstone from the Natanz region, which is located to the west of the CEIM. A total of 161 specimens from 44 cores taken at five sites gave a mean direction of the five sites at 033.3°/25.1°, N=5, k=69.0,α ₉₅=9.3° and a palaeopole position of 167.2°E; 53.7°N. They pass the positive fold test of McElhinny (1964) on the level of 99% confidence. This pole position is in fairly good agreement with the mean Triassic pole position of the Turan Plate (149°E; 49°N). It indicates that the area of Natanz has not undergone the large counterclockwise rotation relative to the Turan plate since the Triassic, which has been shown for the CEIM. A Triassic palaeogeographic reconstruction of Iran, Arabia (Gondwana) and the Turan Plate (Eurasia) is also presented.  相似文献   

Witwatersrand iron-formations and their significance for gold genesis and the composition limits of orthoamphibole     

Dr. H. E. Frimmel 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,56(3-4):273-295

Summary In the West Rand Group of the 3.07–2.71 Ga old Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa, a series of banded iron-formations occur. They are of chemical origin and were deposited in an offshore shelf environment. The coarser-grained, in places pyrite-bearing, and partly auriferous metasedimentary rocks forming the bulk of the Witwatersrand Supergroup are regressive. The iron-formations, however, were deposited during transgression. The presence of allogenic pyrite in the fluviatile metaconglomerates and that of magnetite and, in places, haematite in the marine iron-formations suggests a lower pH and higher sulfur activity for the Archaean meteoric environment than for recent hydrothermal fluids on the ocean floor. Post-depositional alteration of the Witwatersrand rocks includes burial metamorphism at temperatures between 300 and 350 °C and pressures around 2.5 kbar, and multiple hydrothermal inflitration events at slightly lower temperatures, coeval with the brittle deformation of the basin fill during the deposition of the Transvaal Supergroup and the Bushveld Vredefort events.Additional thermal metamorphic overprint of the iron-formations around the Vredefort Dome caused the growth of orthoamphiboles. They show a wide range of compositions between ferro-anthophyllite and ferrous alumino-gedrite, suggesting that the crest of the solvus curve for Fe-rich orthoamphiboles is below 500 °C.Chlorite and amphibole compositions, and the presence of Fe-oxide-bearing horizons between pyrite-bearing ones indicate that the fluid composition during post-depositional alteration was largely controlled by the bulk rock composition of the infiltrated stratigraphic horizons and not by some external source.

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Zusammenfassung Die West Rand Group innerhalb der 3.07–2.71 Milliarden Jahre alten Witwatersrand Supergroup, Südafrika, führt eine Reihe von Magnetit- und Hämatit-haltigen Eisenformationen. Diese sind chemischen Ursprungs und wurden in einem flachmarinen Schelfmilieu abgelagert. Der überwiegende Teil der Witwatersrand Abfolge, bestehend aus klastischen, verschiedentlich Pyrit-führenden und teilweise goldhaltigen Metasedimentgesteinen, kann regressiven Phasen zugeschrieben werden. Die Eisenformationen wurden hingegen während transgressiven Phasen abgelagert. Aufgrund des Auftretens allogener Pyrite in den fluviatilen Konglomeratlagen und von Magnetit und Hämatit in den marinen Eisenformationen lassen sich für den meteorischen Bereich im Archaikum niedrigere pH-Werte und höhere Schwefelfugazität ableiten als für rezente submarine hydrothermale Fluide. Post-diagenetische Alterationsprozesse sind der Versenkungsmetamorphose mit Temperaturen zwischen 300 und 350 °C und Drucken um 2.5 kbar sowie etwas niedriger temperierten hydrothermalen Fluiden zuzuschreiben, die als Folge der inkompetenten Deformation der Beckenfüllung in diese während mehrer Stadien infiltrierten. Infiltration hydrothermaler Fluide während der Ablagerung der Transvaal Supergroup (2.55 Ga) und während des Bildung der Vredefort Struktur (2.0 Ga) sind durch Altersdaten belegt.Zusätzliche thermische Metamorphose der Fe-reichen Pelite und Eisenformationen im Bereich der Vredefort Struktur führte zur Bildung von Orthoamphibolen, deren Zusammensetzung von Anthophyllit bis zu Fe-reichem Alumino-Gedrit reicht. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß die Solvuskurve für Fe-reiche Orthoamphibole unterhalb von 500 °C liegt.Die Zusammensetzung der Chlorite und Amphibole sowie das Auftreten von Fe-Oxid-führenden Horizonten in den generall Pyrit-reichen Metasedimentgesteinen gestatten die Annahme, daß die post-diagenetische Fluidzusammensetzung hauptsächlich durch die jeweilige Zusammensetzung der infiltrierten Gesteinshorizonte und nicht durch eine externe Quelle bestimmt wurde.

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With 8 Figures  相似文献   

Reply to the discussion by N. Beukes and J. Gutzmer     

D. H. Cornell  S. S. Schütte 《Mineralium Deposita》1996,31(3):246-247

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Primary minerals of Zn-Pb mining and metallurgical dumps and their environmental behavior at Plombières,Belgium     

H. Kucha  A. Martens  R. Ottenburgs  W. De Vos  W. Viaene 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(1):1-15

The primary phases and minerals of the Plombières dumps include typical smelting furnace products such as metallic Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe-Zn alloys, carbides, phosphides, sulfides of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn (alabandite), and FeAs. Spinels, mainly of Fe and Al, are common constituents of the primary assemblage; substitution by Zn, V, Cr, Ti, Mg, and Ca occurs. Primary phases also include the most common Zn-rich fayalite, Zn-rich Ca-Fe silicates, melilite, corundum, and apatite. Most of the Zn is incorporated in iron silicates, ZnO and ZnS. Lead occurs mainly as PbS, metallic lead, and is also present in coal residues. Cadmium is found mainly in metallic zinc and its alloys and in ZnO. The dumps also contain mining wastes composed of pyrite, melnikovite, and iron oxides produced by natural weathering of Zn-Pb ores. Melnikovite and iron oxides are rich in As, Pb, and Zn and possess an increased content of Tl. Leaching tests carried out on the surfaces of polished sections indicate that acid rain (solutions I and II) will mobilize mainly Zn and Cd and, to a much smaller extent, Pb and Sb. Leaching of metals by sulfate-chloride fluids present in the pore network of dumps (solutions III, IV, and V) depends on the pH, which in the dumps is controlled by the proportion of carbonates to sulfides. The more acid fluids leach both sulfides and silicates.  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of lavas from the AMAR Valley and Narrowgate region of the FAMOUS Valley, 36°–37°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge     

A. P. le Roex  Frederick A. Frey  Stephen H. Richardson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(2):167-184

Basaltic lavas from the AMAR Valley and the Narrowgate region of the FAMOUS Valley on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (36° to 37°?N) range in texture from aphyric to highly plagioclase phyric (>25% large plagioclase phenocrysts). Based on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios, most of these lavas can be subdivided into two distinct, isotopically homogeneous, groups: Group I has lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70288±1) and higher ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51312±1) ratios; Group II has higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70296±1) and lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51309±2) ratios. Most Group II lavas are aphyric, whereas Group I lavas are primarily plagioclase phyric. Lavas from both groups show a wide range in incompatible element abundance ratios (e.g., Zr/Nb =6–29; (La/Sm)_n=0.6–1.7). Aphyric lavas have relatively constant Sc (40±1.5?ppm) abundances and CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios (0.80±0.02). Group I lavas are confined primarily to the AMAR rift valley floor whereas Group II lavas are found along the east and west marginal highs. We interpret the isotopic differences between the two groups as reflecting a temporal change in the upwelling mantle beneath this region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is south of the Azore Islands. For each group, a petrogenetic model consistent with the geochemical data is multi-stage decompression melting of an initially enriched, homogeneous, mantle source region. If the early derived, incompatible-element enriched, melt increments are not always pooled with subsequent increments, the erupted magma batches may have the major element characteristics of melts derived by 10 to 20% melting, but with incompatible element abundance ratios reflecting the change from an enriched to depleted source during the incremental melting process. In this process an initially homogeneous source can generate primary magmas with the required range in incompatible element abundance ratios shown by each group. The nearly constant CaO/Al₂O₃ ratios and Sc contents of the aphyric lavas with decreasing Mg?? reflects subsequent polybaric fractionation of clinopyroxene, plagioclase and olivine over the pressure interval 8–6?kbar (24–18?km), followed by rapid transport to the surface and eruption. There is no geochemical evidence for a crustal magma chamber beneath this section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  相似文献   

Transport in a 2-D saturated porous medium: A new method for particle tracking   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Frédérick Delay  Hélène Housset-Resche  Gilles Porel  Ghislain de Marsily 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(1):45-71

A new method for solving the transport equation based on the management of a large numbe of particles in a discretized 2-D domain is presented. The method uses numerical variables to represent the number of particles in a given mesh and is more complex than the 1-D problem. The first part of the paper focuses on the specific management of particles in a 2-D problem. The method also would be valid for three dimensions as long as the medium can be modeled similar to a layered system. As the particles are no longer tracked individually, the algorithm is fast and does not depend on the number of particles present. The numerical tests show that the method is nearly numerical dispersion free and permits accurate calculations even for simulations of low-concentration transport. Because each mesh is considered as a closed system between two successive time steps, it is easy to add adsorption phenomenon without any problem of numerical stability. The model is tested under conditions that are extremely demanding for its operating mode and gives a good fit to analytical solutions. The conditions in which it can be used to best advantage are discussed.  相似文献   

Feasibility and cost of creating an iron-phosphate coating on pyrrhotite to prevent oxidation     

Z. J. Georgopoulou  K. Fytas  H. Soto  B. Evangelou 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(2):61-69

 Acid mine drainage (AMD) occurs when sulfide minerals are exposed to an oxidizing environment. Most of the methods for preventing AMD are either short-term or high cost solutions. Coating with iron phosphate is a new technology for the abatement of AMD. It involves treating the sulfide with a coating solution composed of H₂O₂, KH₂PO₄, and sodium acetate as a buffer agent. The H₂O₂ oxidizes the sulfide surface and produces Fe³⁺ so that iron phosphate precipitates as a coating on the sulfide surface. Experiments performed under laboratory conditions prove that an iron phosphate coating can be established on pyrrhotite surfaces with optimal concentrations of the coating solution in the range of: 0.2M/0.01M H₂O₂, 0.2M KH₂PO₄, and 0.2M sodium acetate NaAc, depending on the experimental scale. Iron phosphate coating may be a long-term solution to the problem of AMD. The method would be easy to implement; the reagent cost, however, is not low enough, although it is lower than the conventional treatment with lime. Received: 30 March 1995 · Accepted: 6 September 1995  相似文献   

Leucoxene fish as a micro-kinematic indicator     

Douglas H. Oliver  John W. Goodge 《Journal of Structural Geology》1996,18(12):1493-1495

Asymmetric aggregates of fine-grained leucoxene and quartz are reported from siliceous L-S tectonites deformed by progressive simple shear. The leucoxene fish, morphologically similar to mica fish, consistently yield shear senses in agreement with other kinematic criteria. We interpret the leucoxene as a pre- or early syntectonic alteration product of detrital heavy-minerals in a siliciclastic protolith. The leucoxene fish behave as passive markers, and they record kinematics by modification of pre-existing aggregates rather than syndeformational mineral growth. For siliceous metasedimentary rocks otherwise lacking in micro-kinematic indicators, leucoxene fish may provide an alternative to quartz c-axis analysis.  相似文献   

Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic — A tale of Baltica and Laurentia     

T.H. Torsvik  M.A. Smethurst  J.G. Meert  R. Van der Voo  W.S. McKerrow  M.D. Brasier  B.A. Sturt  H.J. Walderhaug 《Earth》1996,40(3-4):229-258

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Hydrogeology of the Lower Mississippi Valley as related to the work of Harold N. Fisk     

Ernest H. Boswell   《Engineering Geology》1996,45(1-4):205-217

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