Dynamic analysis of city size distribution: a case study of Niigata Prefecture in Japan     

Kohsaka H 《Chirigaku hyōron》1978,51(3):223-234

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Improved reliability in the interpretation of geochemical measurements by the quantification of uncertainty from sampling     

Michael H. Ramsey Paul D. Taylor Katy A. Boon 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):209-210

All geochemical measurements require the taking of field samples, but the uncertainty that this process causes is often ignored when assessing the reliability of the interpretation, of the geochemistry or the health implications. Recently devised methods for the estimation, optimisation and reduction of this uncertainty have been evaluated by their application to the investigation of contaminated land. Uncertainty of measurement caused by primary sampling has been estimated for a range of six different contaminated land site investigations, using an increasingly recognized procedure. These site investigations were selected to reflect a wide range of different sizes, contaminants （organic and metals）, previous land uses （e.g. tin mining, railway sidings and gas works）, intended future use （housing to nature reserves） and routinely applied sampling methods. The results showed that the uncertainty on measurements was substantial, ranging from 25% to 186% of the concentration values at the different sites. Sampling was identified as the dominant source of the uncertainty （〉70% of measurement uncertainty） in most cases. The fitness-for-purpose of the measurements was judged using the optimized contaminated land investigation （OCLI） method. This identifies the optimal level of uncertainty that reduces to overall financial loss caused by the measurement procedures and the misclassification of the contamination, caused by the uncertainty. Generally the uncertainty of the actual measurements made in these different site investigations was found to be sub-optimal, and too large by a factor of approximately two. The uncertainty is usually limited by the sampling, but this can be reduced by increasing the sample mass by a factor of 4 （predicted by sampling theory）. It is concluded that knowing the value of the uncertainty enables the interpretation to be made more reliable, and that sampling is the main factor limiting most investigations. This new approach quantifies this problem for the first time, and allows sampling procedures to be critically evaluated, and modified, to improve the reliability of the geochemical assessment.  相似文献   

Naturally acidic and metalliferous waters at unmined volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Bonnifield mining district, Alaska Range, east-central Alaska     

Robert G. Eppinger Paul H. Briggs Cynthia Dusel-Bacon Stuart A. Giles Larry P. Gough Jane M.Hammarstrom Bernard E. Hubbard 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):232-232

The Bonnifield district hosts 26 tmmined volcanogenic massive sulfide （VMS） occurrences. Environmental geochemical samples of water and stream sediment were collected at several occurrences, concentrating on the two best-exposed and largest deposits, Red Mountain （RM） and Sheep Creek （SC）. Limited samples were also collected at the poorly exposed WTF deposit. The deposits are Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, and are hosted by felsic metavolcanic and carbonaceous schist members of the Totatlanika Schist or Keevy Peak Fm. Spring and stream waters at RM and SC have pH values commonly 〈3.5 （as low as 2.4 at RM and 2.5 at SC）, high conductivity （up to 11000 μS/cm）, and very high （Is to 100s mg/L） dissolved contents of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. Waters at RM are characterized by extremely high REE contents （summed REE median 3200 μg/L, n=33）. At both RM and SC, pyrite oxidation and dissolution produce low pH waters that interact with and dissolve bedrock minerals, resulting in acidic, metal-laden, naturally degraded streams that are mostly devoid of aquatic life. Ferricrete is common. In contrast, WTF barely produces a surficial environmental footprint, mostly due to topography and relief. RM and SC are well exposed in the areas of relatively high relief, and both exhibit extensive areas of quartz-sericite-pyrite-alteration. While WTF shares many of the same deposit-and alteration characteristics, it is concealed by tundra in a large, nearly flat area. Surface water at WTF is absent and outcrops are sparse. Even though WTF is roughly the same size as Red Mountain （both around 3 million tonnes） and has similar base- and precious-metal grades, the surficial geochemical manifestation of WTF is minimal. However, exposure through mining of the altered, mineralized rock at WTF potentially could initiate the same processes of pyrite oxidation, acid generation, and mineral dissolution that are observed naturally at RM and SC.  相似文献   

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度的计算及其地质意义   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

袁炳强  Yvette H.Poudjom Djomani  程顺有  陆关祥 《地球学报》2002,23(3):269-272

大陆范围内Te值有很大的范围，不同构造单元有不同的Te值。Te值的大小与岩石圈的热结构（热年龄）、壳幔耦合等因素有关。同时Te值和地壳厚度、地表有关矿产的分布、岩石圈地幔的物质组成等也有一定关系。  相似文献   

俄罗斯西西伯利亚和外贝加尔区古河道型铀矿床   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马尔科夫C.H. 《铀矿地质》2002,18(2):65-76,88

本文系统地介绍了俄罗斯3个具有工业意义的古河道型铀矿化发育区（外乌拉尔，西西伯利亚和外贝加尔）的地质背景，铀矿化特征和铀成矿条件，指出切割到基底的古河道型铀矿床，既可产于跨地区的造山周围，也可产于活化的年青地台和古老地盾，既可形成于干燥的气候条件，也可形成于潮湿的气候条件。古河道型铀矿化可以从含矿层的沉积开始一直延续到被泥岩层或玄武岩层完全封盖。古河道的后成氧化分带有两种形式：氧化带－铀矿化带－原生灰色岩石；氧化带－氧化铁再沉积带－漂白带－原生灰色岩石。古河道型铀矿床具宽广的元素谱，这主要是与含矿围岩富含有机质和在氧化带尖灭处存在各种地球化学障有关。  相似文献   

湖南印支期过铝质花岗岩的形成: 岩浆底侵与地壳加厚热效应的数值模拟   总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36  

王岳军  Y.H.ZHANG  范蔚茗  席先武  郭锋  林舸 《中国科学D辑》2002,32(6):491-499

在合理构建华南印支期地质-物理模型的基础上, 利用FLAC软件, 模拟了该区印支期过铝质富钾花岗岩形成与基性岩浆底侵, 及陆壳变形叠置加厚两种动力学背景的可能联系. 模拟结果表明, 220 Ma±的基性岩浆底侵能导致地壳含水矿物相岩石的深熔, 但除非印支期存在大规模基性岩浆的底侵作用, 否则其热效应持续时间和热效应波及范围难以形成具大岩基规模的湖南印支期花岗岩. 在陆壳叠置加厚模型中, 地壳的叠置加厚可导致中下地壳界面温度升高到700℃以上, 引起片麻质岩石熔融, 当加厚因子达1.3, 白云母矿物脱水熔融产生的熔体达到熔体流动临界比例(≥20%), 从而形成花岗岩基; 结合印支期挤压逆冲推覆构造和同期基性火山岩极少出露的地质事实, 认为陆壳变形加厚可能是湖南印支期构造岩浆作用形成的主导因素.  相似文献   

DEVELOPMENT OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MANAGING PESTICIDE LOSSES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS     

Y.-F.LI  Y.R.LI  G.H.HUANG  J.STRUGER  J.D.FISCHER  B.CHEN  J.B.LI  X.H.NIE 《国际泥沙研究》2003,18(1)

1 INTRODUCTION Agricultural use of pesticides has been recognized as one of the important non-point pollution sources in the world, and the pesticide application to agricultural lands has led to large amounts of residues discharged into surface water through runoff (Leonard, 1990). There have been growing concerns about the fate and transport of pesticides in agricultural lands, due to the associated adverse impacts on water environment and human health (Agassi et al., 1995; Ng and Clegg…  相似文献   

统计评估地震预报方法的困难     

Utada  H 《世界地震译丛》1997,(2):41-44

地震预报并非掷骰子的游戏，需要处理的是真实的物理现象，因此预报方法的定义通常包含一些不确定因素。这是通常的评介，并不限于当前争论所关心的ＶＡＮ方法，评估这一方法正确性的各种企图得到不同结论并不使人感到意外。  相似文献   

阿拉木图预报试验场地震的形变前兆     

A．B．季哈米洛夫  Ж．H．拉乌纳巴耶夫  Л.Л.扎里洛夫  王道 《内陆地震》1997,(3)

地壳形变的研究在评估地震危险性和地震预报中具有重要的作用。哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图地震预报试验场地壳形变观测包括大地测量、GPS卫星观测、光测距仪、形变仪和倾斜。大地测量和卫星测量形变值为10-4～10-5单位，光测距形变为10-7单位，形变计达10-8单位。根据大地测量资料，预测卡什切克、契里克和扎拉纳什—丘普三个地区有地震危险。此地区地表垂直运动速度与过去比较现在达到了最大值，约5mm／a，而通常为2～3mm／a。1992～1995年GPS卫星测量资料也证实伊塞克湖南部的水平和垂直形变增高。根据土尔根站和伊日维什特科维依站形变观测资料的谱分析结构认为，形变值的周期成分既反映了外在因素（气压、气温、降水）又反映了内在作用的异常变化。1978年3月25日扎拉纳什—丘普地震时各条测线形变就出现异常高值。前兆异常可达10－5单位，震中距超过50km。异常时间表现在震前1个月内。  相似文献   

阿拉木图地震预报实验场的电磁辐射场地震前兆     

乌.  HБ 苏乃秦 《内陆地震》1997,11(3):249-252

文章介绍了阿拉木图地震预报实验场中3个电磁辐射台站（卡斯杰克、吐尔盖尼和天山台）1995年的观测资料。台站使用综合程序仪器，以连续方式用1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128、256、512、1024μs波段记录电磁辐射脉冲信号，并用带通滤波处理资料。结果发现，在阿拉木图实验场发生的地震事件之前，大多数记录频段上出现了电磁辐射强度的异常增大。文章认为电磁辐射场的变化从总体上反映了北天山地壳的地震动态变化。  相似文献