北京、郑州和深圳三城市空气中气溶胶单颗粒特征的扫描电镜分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵承美  邵龙义  侯聪  幸娇萍  胡颖  王文华 《岩石矿物学杂志》2015,34(6):925-931

分别采集北京、深圳和郑州3个城市气溶胶样品,使用场发射扫锚电镜-能谱仪观察气溶胶单颗粒的显微形貌和元素组成,并利用图像分析系统对PM2.5的粒径进行了分析。结果表明,城市气溶胶单颗粒类型以矿物颗粒、烟尘和球形颗粒(飞灰和二次粒子)为主。对比3个城市气溶胶中不同颗粒类型数量百分比发现,矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是北京,飞灰和烟尘数量最多的城市是郑州,而规则矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是深圳。3个城市气溶胶单颗粒的数量-粒径分布均呈单峰分布。深圳气溶胶中颗粒物的粒径相对较小,其次为郑州、北京。3个城市气溶胶中颗粒物来源不同程度上都受到交通污染源影响,而燃煤源对北京和郑州气溶胶中颗粒物来源影响仍然不容忽视。  相似文献   

粤中早白垩世亚髻山正长质杂岩体的成分分异及岩石成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

苏扣林  丁兴  黄永贵  郑小战  吴凯  胡永斌 《岩石学报》2015,31(3):829-845

华南的碱性岩浆往往以小岩株形式侵位于早期花岗岩中,指示了伸展拉张的大地构造背景。本文通过对华南代表性的碱性岩体——粤中亚髻山正长质杂岩体不同相带岩石的研究,发现它们可按照岩性和成分的差异划分三组,其成因与岩浆过程和岩浆期后流体作用密切相关。化学成分上,三组的差异体现在:1)Group 1显示最低的Si O2(59.37%~64.10%)、K2O/Na2O(0.70~1.11)、I Sr值(0.70741~0.710032)、t2DM模式年龄(1.0~1.1Ga),最高的Al2O3(17.30%~19.18%)、全碱(K2O+Na2O:11.13%~13.76%)、εNd(t)值(-1.6~-0.9)和碱性-过碱性、准铝质特征;稀土配分曲线呈明显右倾,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,表现出Ba、Ti、Sr和P负异常;具有球粒陨石质Nb/Ta比值(平均为19.6)和超球粒陨石值Zr/Hf比值(平均为47.1);2)Group 2显示最高的Ti O2(0.47%~0.49%)、Mg O(0.98%~1.07%)、P2O5(0.15%~0.16%)、K2O/Na2O(2.57~6.69)和中等低的I Sr(0.70845)、εNd(t)值(-7.9~-7.8),具有强过铝质且碱性-钙碱性过渡的特征;稀土配分曲线呈明显右倾,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,表现出Nb-Ta、LREE、P和Ti负异常;其Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值均近似于平均陆壳(平均值分别为11.6和36.3);3)Group 3具有最低的镁铁质含量、Al2O3(13.00%~13.16%)、εNd(t)值(-8.3)和最高的Si O2(77.50%~76.54%)、I Sr(0.72563)以及与过渡带相似的t2DM模式年龄(1.6Ga),总体显示碱性、强过铝质的特征;稀土配分曲线近似于"海鸥形",Eu异常明显,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,显示Ba、Nb、LREE、Sr、P、Ti负异常和Rb、Th、U、Ta、Pb正异常。其Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值均远低于平均陆壳(平均值分别为3.0和18.5)。Group 3中锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得了2个加权平均年龄,即140.9±1.4Ma(MSWD=2.0)和141.4±0.9Ma(MSWD=1.6),与之前报道的Group 1的形成时代一致,表明它们都是早白垩世同一次岩浆作用的产物。这些成分的差异也体现在岩石成因类型判别上,结果显示Group 1属于A型岩套中典型的A1型亚类,而Group 2和Group 3显示似是而非的类型,比如,Group 2具有A型向I型过渡的特征,Group 3则既具有高演化花岗岩的特征,又类似于铝质A型花岗岩。基于Sr-Nd同位素和主、微量元素成分特征,我们认为亚髻山正长质杂岩体中的Group 1形成自富集的上地幔分异的硅不饱和碱性岩浆,较少陆壳物质混染;Group 2岩石则是硅不饱和碱性岩浆在侵位过程中大比例同化混染了外围的佛冈花岗岩而成;而Group 3岩石则是Group 2岩浆发生长石、钛铁矿、磷灰石等矿物分离结晶后再与富氟流体发生显著的相互作用而形成。因此,杂岩体各组岩石成分的明显差异,是碱性岩浆与围岩同化混染及后期流体改造、分异的结果。这进一步暗示诸多似是而非岩石类型的花岗岩,其岩浆过程及其后的流体交代对于其源区岩浆的地球化学特征的影响不容忽视;而这些过程很可能对于一些碱性火成岩及中酸性岩岩体的成分环带的形成及成矿作用具有至关重要的意义。  相似文献   

新疆西准噶尔庙尔沟岩体的地球化学及年代学研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

胡洋  王居里  王建其  杨猛  袁攀  令伟伟 《岩石学报》2015,31(2):505-522

新疆西准噶尔庙尔沟岩体侵入于早中石炭世海相火山-沉积建造中,主体由碱长花岗岩组成,局部分布有紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩脉。碱长花岗岩及岩脉高硅、富碱、贫钙,里特曼指数(δ)=2.17~2.98,A/CNK=0.96~1.03,A/NK=1.08~1.13,为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩,其富集LILEs(Rb、U、K、Th),相对亏损HFSEs(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)和Ba、Sr等,以及强烈Eu负异常,过渡族地幔相容元素Cr、Ni含量低,U、Th、Pb等地壳富集元素含量较高。Sr、Nd同位素组成:(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70370~0.70541,εNd(t)=+4.10~+6.79,tDM=0.57~0.99Ga。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究获得锆石U-Pb年龄为309±1.4Ma,表明岩体碱长花岗岩的形成时代为晚石炭世。紫苏花岗岩的SiO 2含量为60.88%~62.06%,Al2O3含量为15.50%~15.72%,里特曼指数(δ)=2.59~2.77,A/CNK=0.86~0.88,A/NK=1.50~1.53,为准铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性过渡的花岗岩,相对富集LREE(Rb、U、K、Th),而亏损HREE(Nb、Ta、P、Ti)和Sr,以及较显著的Eu负异常,过渡族地幔相容元素Cr、Ni含量低,U、Th、Pb等地壳富集元素含量较高。Sr、Nd同位素组成:(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70382~0.70388,εNd(t)=+6.67~+6.98,tDM=0.59~0.62Ga。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究获得锆石U-Pb年龄为302.1±2.1Ma,表明岩体紫苏花岗岩的形成时代为晚石炭世。综合庙尔沟岩体的地质特征、地球化学特征、年代学和区域地质背景,认为庙尔沟岩体碱长花岗岩及岩脉为A2型花岗岩,紫苏花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的地球化学性质,且它们是可能来自同一个岩浆源区,属于西准噶尔后碰撞阶段的岩浆活动产物。  相似文献   

青藏高原东北部黄土地区降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响研究          下载免费PDF全文

李国荣  陈文婷  朱海丽  郭章军  李进芳  王涛  胡夏嵩 《水文地质工程地质》2015,(2):105-111

降雨是诱发土质边坡失稳的主导因素之一,研究降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响有着重要意义。以青海西宁盆地黄土边坡为例,结合野外现场试验和室内直剪试验,研究了降雨入渗对坡体含水量和抗剪强度的影响,采用FLAC2D软件模拟分析了降雨前后边坡的应力、位移分布特征,并通过计算安全系数对边坡进行稳定性评价。研究结果表明,雨水入渗150 min内边坡表层土层含水量急剧增加,150 min后其变化趋势逐步变缓,较深层土层含水量随雨水入渗时间呈持续缓慢增加的趋势。对于同一层土体而言,雨水入渗深度随降雨历时的增大而增加,且表层土体中雨水入渗速度先快后慢。表层土体含水量每增加1.01%,其粘聚力减小13.53 k Pa,土体抗剪强度降低16 k Pa,说明土体抗剪强度对含水量的变化极为敏感。二维有限元模拟和分析结果表明,在自重应力作用和雨水入渗条件下,研究区坡脚处出现应力集中现象,且降雨后边坡位移量、应力集中范围及应力大小明显大于降雨前,而降雨后边坡稳定安全系数比降雨前降低了21.6%,说明降雨入渗对边坡的稳定性影响较大。  相似文献   

角闪石族和辉石族矿物的系统矿物学分类命名   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘显凡  汪灵  李慧  刘菁  赵甫峰  卢秋霞  胡琳 《矿物学报》2015,35(1):19-28

角闪石族和辉石族矿物是链状硅酸盐矿物的重要组成部分,它们中的许多矿物种属于造岩矿物和/或工业矿物,具有重要的成因矿物研究意义和工业应用开发价值。国内学者对它们的分类命名和基本系统认识主要源自于王璞等(1984)编著的《系统矿物学》。随着科学技术发展和矿物学研究的不断深入,原有的矿物基础资料和分类命名都在不断更新与完善,迄今已有专业学术机构和学者在不同年代陆续发表了不同版本对该两类矿物的修订或修改意见,但一直没有统一整合,导致在涉及该两类矿物的应用研究中,在分类命名上与国际标准不统一。根据本课题组在国家公益性行业科研专项项目(新编《系统矿物学》)所承担的研究任务和当前国内外研究进展,本文系统归纳、梳理并综述了角闪石族和辉石族矿物的分类方案和命名原则,使分类命名统一标准、原则和认识并与国际接轨,这有利于该两类矿物的理论研究与开发应用,更好地支撑地质学及相关学科的研究与发展。  相似文献   

高温高压下石英砂岩的电导率实验研究     

李佳  代立东  李和平  胡海英  惠科石  蒋建军  孙文清 《矿物学报》2015,35(2):154-158

利用交流阻抗谱实验技术,在0.5~2.0 GPa、573~873 K和10-1~106 Hz条件下,借助YJ-3000t紧装式六面顶高压设备和Solartron-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪测定了石英砂岩的电导率。实验结果表明:在测定的频率范围,样品的复阻抗的实部、虚部、模和相角对频率有很强的依赖性。随着温度升高,电导率增大,lgσT与1/T之间符合Arrhenius线性关系。通过拟合计算,获得了表征样品电学性质的指前因子、活化焓、活化能、活化体积等物性参数。杂质离子导电机制对高温高压下石英砂岩的导电行为提供了合理的解释。  相似文献   

The Synthetic Evaluating Method of Shale Oil sweet spot in the Jiyang Depression     

HU Yang 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(Z1):342-345

<正>1 Introduction During the processes of shale oil-exploration in the Jiyang depression,more than 700 exploratory wells going through the mudstone layers appeared oilgas shows,while only 40 of them had commercial hydrocarbon flows in the end.Meanwhile,increasing oil-gas production of  相似文献   

Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Arcuate Structures in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau     

SHI Wei  HU Jianmin  CHEN Hong  LIU Yuan  CHEN Peng 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(2):676-677

<正>The northeast Tibetan plateau contains important information on the northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau.It is bounded by the Ordos Block to the east,the Alxa Block to the north,and the Tibetan Plateau to thesouth(inset in Fig.1;Tapponnier et al.,2001),and has undergone complex intracontinental deformation during the Cenozoic.In this region,the northeast-convex arcuate structures developed northeastward,and are composed of  相似文献   

Improved Geometric Model of Extensional Fault–bend Folding     

ZHENG Xiaoli  HE Guangyu  HU Senqing  YAO Zewei  WANG Hui  LIN Lu 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(6):1847-1857

Extensional fault–bend folds, also called rollovers, are one of the most common structures in extensional settings. Numerous studies have shown that oblique simple shear is the most appropriate mechanism for quantitative modeling of geometric relations between normal faults and the strata in their hanging walls. However, the oblique simple shear has a rather serious issue derived from the shear direction, particularly above convex bends. We use geometric and experimental methods to study the deformation of extensional fault–bend folds on convex bends. The results indicate that whether the fault bends are concave or convex, the shear direction of the hanging wall dips toward the main fault. On this basis, we improve the previous geometric model by changing the shear direction above the convex bends. To illustrate basin history, our model highlights the importance of the outer limit of folding instead of the growth axial. Moreover, we propose a new expression for the expansion index that is applicable to the condition of no deposition on the footwall. This model is validated by modeling a natural structure of the East China Sea Basin.  相似文献   

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications     

XIONG Xiaohui  XIAO Jiafei  HU Ruizhong  WANG Jian  WANG Yi  WANG Xinsong  DENG Qi 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(6):2012-2029

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements (Ti/Zr, Ti/Al) and their binary (e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc), triangular diagrams (La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga) reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements (REEs) in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.  相似文献