Aesthetic justice and urban planning: Who ought to have the right to design cities?*     

Hanna Mattila 《GeoJournal》2002,58(2-3):131-138

This paper brings together two diverse approaches to urban planning. The first approach views planning as a means to distribute goods or welfare in society, and therefore considers the promotion of social justice to be the central objective of planning. The second approach highlights the role of planning as a means to produce aesthetically pleasing everyday surroundings. I will explore the concepts of `aesthetic welfare' and `aesthetic justice' developed by the philosopher Monroe Beardsley, and argue that an aesthetically pleasing environment is an important source of aesthetic welfare in society. My contention, then, is that the fair distribution of this welfare should be one of the objectives of public planning policies. This objective, however, is difficult to achieve, since the question cannot only concern the distribution of the aesthetically good environment. This is because there often is no agreement on the criteria for the aesthetically good environment. Thus, I will eventually reject the idea of aesthetic justice as distributive justice that Beardsley advocates. Instead, I will turn to some contemporary theories of justice that question the model of distributive justice, arguing that theories of justice should go beyond the distribution of goods, and encompass also the conception and production of goods. Thus, as I will maintain, aesthetic justice will be eventually best promoted by opening the aesthetic dimension of urban planning (among other dimensions of it) to public participation.  相似文献   

Automated facies identification by Direct Push-based sensing methods (CPT,HPT) and multivariate linear discriminant analysis to decipher geomorphological changes and storm surge impact on a medieval coastal landscape     

Hanna Hadler  Andreas Vött  Timo Willershäuser  Dennis Wilken  Ruth Blankenfeldt  Claus von Carnap-Bornheim  Kurt Emde  Peter Fischer  Ulf Ickerodt  Stefanie Klooß  Bente Majchczack  Lea Obrocki  Wolfgang Rabbel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(15):3228-3251

In ad 1362, a major storm surge drowned wide areas of cultivated medieval marshland along the north-western coast of Germany and turned them into tidal flats. This study presents a new methodological approach for the reconstruction of changing coastal landscapes developed from a study site in the Wadden Sea of North Frisia. Initially, we deciphered long-term as well as event-related short-term geomorphological changes, using a geoscientific standard approach of vibracoring, analyses of sedimentary, geochemical and microfaunal palaeoenvironmental parameters and radiocarbon dating. In a next step, Direct Push (DP)-based Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) and the Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT) were applied at vibracore locations to obtain in situ high-resolution stratigraphic data. In a last step, multivariate linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was successfully applied to efficiently identify different sedimentary facies (e.g., fossil marsh or tidal flat deposits) from the CPT and HPT test dataset, to map the facies' lateral distribution, also in comparison to reflection seismic measurements and test their potential to interpolate the borehole and CPT/HPT data. The training dataset acquired for the key site from coring and DP sensing finally allows an automated facies classification of CPT/HPT data obtained elsewhere within the study area. The new methodological approach allowed a detailed reconstruction of the local coastal landscape development in the interplay of natural marsh formation, medieval land reclamation and storm surge-related land losses.  相似文献   

Macroscopic impacts of cloud and precipitation processes in shallow convection     

Wojciech W. Grabowski  Joanna Slawinska  Hanna Pawlowska  Andrzej A. Wyszogrodzki 《Acta Geophysica》2011,59(6):1184-1204

This paper presents application of the EULAG model combined with a sophisticated double-moment warm-rain microphysics scheme to the model intercomparison case based on RICO (Rain in Cumulus over Ocean) field observations. As the simulations progress, the cloud field gradually deepens and a relatively sharp temperature and moisture inversions develop in the lower troposphere. Two contrasting aerosol environments are considered, referred to as pristine and polluted, together with two contrasting subgridscale mixing scenarios, the homogeneous and the extremely inhomogeneous mixing. Pristine and polluted environments feature mean cloud droplet concentrations around 40 and 150 mg^?1, respectively, and large differences in the rain characteristics. Various measures are used to contrast evolution of macroscopic cloud field characteristics, such as the mean cloud fraction, the mean cloud width, or the height of the center of mass of the cloud field, among others. Macroscopic characteristics appear similar regardless of the aerosol characteristics or the homogeneity of the subgrid-scale mixing.  相似文献   

Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warm-pool El Niño     

Hanna Na  Bong-Geun Jang  Won-Moon Choi  Kwang-Yul Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(3):223-233

Recent extensive studies have suggested that the occurrence of warm-pool El Niño has increased since the late 1970s and will increase in future climate. Occurrence frequencies of cold-tongue and warm-pool El Niño have been investigated in the observational record (1980–2006) and in the future 50 years (2007–2056) based on 100 synthetic SST datasets with estimates of statistical confidence. In the observational record, 80% of the warm-pool El Niño occurred since 1980 over a period of 27 years; only 20% of the warm-pool El Niño occurred prior to 1980 over a period of 110 years. The 100 synthetic datasets, on average, produce 142 months of cold-tongue El Niño in 2007–2056 as opposed to an average 107 months in the same length of the observational data; this is a 20.7% increase in the occurrence of cold-tongue El Niño compared with the observational period. Warm-pool El Niño occurred for 112 months in 2007–2056 as opposed to an average occurrence of 42 months in the observational record; this is 2.5 times the occurrence frequency in the 1980–2006 period in the synthetic datasets. As a result, occurrence frequencies of cold-tongue and warm-pool El Niño in the period of 2007–2056 become quite comparable to each other in the synthetic datasets. It is expected in the next 50 years that warm-pool El Niño will be nearly as frequent as cold-tongue El Niño.  相似文献   

Composition and solubility of precipitated copper(II) arsenates     

Hanna Nelson  Andrey Shchukarev  Staffan Sjberg  Lars Lvgren 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(5):696-704

Equilibrium reactions involving Cu(II) and As(V) have been studied with respect to formation of complexes in aqueous solutions as well as formation of solid phases. Potentiometric titrations performed at 25 °C (I = 0.1 M Na(Cl)) and at different Cu to As ratios gave no evidence for the existence of Cu(II) arsenate complexes in solution below the pH of the precipitation boundaries (pH ≈ 4), irrespective of the Cu to As ratio and pH. Mixing of solutions of Cu(II) and As(V) at different proportions and adjusting pH to values ranging from 4 to 9 resulted in precipitation of five different solid phases. The elemental composition of the solids was determined using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Environmental Scanning Microscopy-Field Emission Gun equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy detector. The average Cu/As ratio was determined by dissolving the solids. Total soluble concentrations of the components Cu(II) and As(V), as well as the basicity of the solid phases were determined by analysis of aqueous solutions. Based upon these experimental data the stoichiometric composition of the solid phases and their stability were determined. The resulting equilibrium model includes the solid phases Cu₃(AsO₄)₂, Cu₃(AsO₄)(OH)₃, Cu₂(AsO₄)(OH), Cu₅Na(HAsO₄)(AsO₄)₃ and Cu₅Na₂AsO₄)₄, where Cu₅Na(HAsO₄)(AsO₄)₃ and Cu₅Na₂(AsO₄)₄ have not been reported previously. In 0.1 M Na(Cl), Na⁺ was found to be a significant component in two of the solid phases. The Cu₅Na₂(AsO₄)₄ was formed in weakly alkaline conditions with pNa < 2.5. Stability constants for all solid phases have been determined. Distribution diagrams as well as predominance area (pNa-pH) diagrams are presented to illustrate stability fields of the different solid phases.  相似文献   

Quasi-geostrophic shallow-water vortex–patch equilibria and their stability     

Hanna Płotka  David G. Dritschel 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(6):574-595

We examine the equilibrium form, properties, stability and nonlinear evolution of steadily-rotating simply-connected vortex patches in the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model of geophysical fluid dynamics. This model, valid for rotating shallow-water flow in the limit of small Rossby and Froude numbers, has an intrinsic length scale L _D called the “Rossby deformation length” relating the strength of the stratification to that of the background rotation. Here, we generate steadily-rotating vortex equilibria for a wide range of γ?=?L/L _D , where L is the typical horizontal length scale of the vortex. We vary both γ (over the range 0.02?≤?γ?≤?10) and the vortex aspect ratio λ (over the range 0?<?λ?<?1). We find two modes of instability arising at sufficiently small aspect ratio λ?<?λ _c (γ): an asymmetric (dominantly wave 3) mode at small γ (or large L _D ) and a symmetric (dominantly wave 4) mode at large γ (or small L _D ). At marginal stability, the asymmetric mode dominates for γ???3, while the symmetric mode dominates for γ???3. The nonlinear evolution of weakly-perturbed unstable equilibria results in major structural changes, in most cases producing two dominant vortex patches and thin, quasi-passive filaments. Overall, the nonlinear evolution can be classified into three principal types: (1) vacillations for a limited range of aspect ratios λ when 5?≤?γ?≤?6, (2) filamentation and a single-dominant vortex for γ???1, and (3) vortex splitting – asymmetric for 1???γ???4 and symmetric for γ???4.  相似文献   

Prospects for Solar and Space Weather Research with Polish Part of the LOFAR Telescope   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Bartosz P. Dąbrowski  Andrzej Krankowski  Leszek Błaszkiewicz  Hanna Rothkaehl 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(3):825-840

The LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a new radio interferometer that consists of an array of stations. Each of them is a phase array of dipole antennas. LOFAR stations are distributed mostly in the Netherlands, but also throughout Europe. In the article we discuss the possibility of using this instrument for solar and space weather studies, as well as ionosphere investigations. We are expecting that in the near future the LOFAR telescope will bring some interesting observations and discoveries in these fields. It will also help to observe solar active events that have a direct influence on the near-Earth space weather.  相似文献   

Fault imaging in sparsely sampled 3D seismic data using common‐reflection‐surface processing and attribute analysis – a study in the Upper Rhine Graben     

Hermann A. Buness  Hartwig von Hartmann  Hanna‐Maria Rumpel  Charlotte M. Krawczyk  Rüdiger Schulz 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(3):443-452

Cost reduction in seismic reconnaissance is an issue in geothermal exploration and can principally be achieved by sparse acquisition. To address the adherent decrease in signal/noise ratio, the common‐reflection‐surface method has been proposed. We reduced the data density of an existing 3D dataset and evaluated the results of common‐reflection‐surface processing using seismic attributes. The application of the common‐reflection‐surface method leads in all cases to an improvement of the signal/noise ratio. The most distinct improvement can be seen in the low fold regions. The improvement depends strongly on the midpoint aperture, and there is a tradeoff between reflector continuity and horizontal resolution. If small scale targets are to be imaged, a small aperture size is necessary, which may be far below the Fresnel zone for a specific reflector. The substantial reduction of the data density leads in our case to an irrecoverable information loss.  相似文献   

Acceptance criteria for urban dispersion model evaluation     

Steven Hanna  Joseph Chang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2012,116(3-4):133-146

The authors suggested acceptance criteria for rural dispersion models’ performance measures in this journal in 2004. The current paper suggests modified values of acceptance criteria for urban applications and tests them with tracer data from four urban field experiments. For the arc-maximum concentrations, the fractional bias should have a magnitude <0.67 (i.e., the relative mean bias is less than a factor of 2); the normalized mean-square error should be <6 (i.e., the random scatter is less than about 2.4 times the mean); and the fraction of predictions that are within a factor of two of the observations (FAC2) should be >0.3. For all data paired in space, for which a threshold concentration must always be defined, the normalized absolute difference should be <0.50, when the threshold is three times the instrument’s limit of quantification (LOQ). An overall criterion is then applied that the total set of acceptance criteria should be satisfied in at least half of the field experiments. These acceptance criteria are applied to evaluations of the US Department of Defense’s Joint Effects Model (JEM) with tracer data from US urban field experiments in Salt Lake City (U2000), Oklahoma City (JU2003), and Manhattan (MSG05 and MID05). JEM includes the SCIPUFF dispersion model with the urban canopy option and the urban dispersion model (UDM) option. In each set of evaluations, three or four likely options are tested for meteorological inputs (e.g., a local building top wind speed, the closest National Weather Service airport observations, or outputs from numerical weather prediction models). It is found that, due to large natural variability in the urban data, there is not a large difference between the performance measures for the two model options and the three or four meteorological input options. The more detailed UDM and the state-of-the-art numerical weather models do provide a slight improvement over the other options. The proposed urban dispersion model acceptance criteria are satisfied at over half of the field experiments.  相似文献   

Changes in Nutrient and Carbon Availability and Temperature as Factors Controlling Bacterial Growth in the Northern Baltic Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Laura Hoikkala  Hanna Aarnos  Risto Lignell 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):720-733

The effects of inorganic nutrient (N and P) and glucose C treatments on bacterial growth were followed for 3 days in natural surface and deep water bacterial samples during the main post-spring bloom stages of phytoplankton growth in the northern Baltic Sea. In addition, the importance of photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter on bacterial growth was investigated vertically (0.1–2.0 m) and spatially, in a salinity gradient from river mouth to open sea. Bacterial production was consistently C limited in the surface layer, with N or both N and P as the secondary limiting nutrients from spring to early summer and in late summer, respectively. In deep water, bacterial growth showed combined temperature and C limitation, and in spring, this also appeared to be true with surface samples. The effect of 1-day sunlight pre-treatment varied from no effect up to a 44% production increase, with clear bacterial production responses only being seen at the surface (10 cm depth). The implications of bacterial C limitation for the structure and function of the surface plankton ecosystem, including its CO₂ exchange with the atmosphere are discussed.  相似文献