Adaptation financing for projects focused on food systems through the UNFCCC     

Aleksandra Conevska  James Ford  Alexandra Lesnikowski  Sherilee Harper 《Climate Policy》2019,19(1):43-58

Investments in adaptation are required to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the resilience of food systems to the impacts of climate change. For low-income nations, international financing plays a central role in supporting adaptation. In this article, we document and examine adaptation projects targeting food systems financed through funding bodies of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We find that between 2004 and 2015, 3% (n?=?96) of adaptation projects supported through the UNFCCC explicitly focused on the production, processing, distribution, preparation and/or consumption of food, with US$546 m mobilized through funding bodies directly and US$1.44bn through co-financing. Agriculture is the most common sector supported, with extreme weather events the primary climate change-related impact motivating nations to apply for adaptation financing. The majority of actions are documented to adapt the food production component of food systems, with limited focus within projects on the full range of food system vulnerability and the implications on food security.

Key policy insights

• Enhanced international adaptation financing targeting food systems is needed, and in particular financing to address limited adaptation readiness

• Supported food system projects should include holistic assessments of the entire food system in order to prioritize sector and food system component issue areas for short- and long-term efficiency

• To better analyse food system linkages and aid in the prioritization of adaptation activities, adaptation-directed funds should consider placing a higher emphasis on a cross-sectoral approach within projects

• Linkages between official development assistance and adaptation-directed funds could help optimize financing for food systems and mainstream food system adaptation efforts

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STRATA: William Smith’s Geological Maps. Foreword by Robert Macfarlane. Thames & Hudson Ltd,London (2020). Hardback., ISBN: 979-0-500-25247-5. £50.00.     

Mike Simmons 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2021,132(1):145-146

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Pliocene trace fossils from oyster substrates in the Nijar Basin,Betic Cordillera,southern Spain     

Stephen K. Donovan  Stuart J. Jones  Abigail R. King  David A.T. Harper 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2021,132(3):358-368

The Almería-Níjar Basin is a Neogene, intermontane depression marginal to the Mediterranean in southern Spain in the vicinity of El Argamasón, Andalucia. The Pliocene Cuevas Formation rests unconformably on the Upper Messinian rock succession in the Carboneras Fault Zone. The Cuevas Formation is a coarse-grained, bioclastic-rich, calcarenite to calcirudite shoreface deposit. Oysters, namely Saccostrea cucullata (Born), are locally common and preserve a moderate diversity of borings: Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke; Entobia isp.; Gastrochaenolites isp. aff. G. lapidicus Kelly and Bromley; Maeandropolydora isp. cf. M. sulcans Voigt; Oichnus paraboloides Bromley; and Talpina isp. aff. T. hirsuta Voigt. All represent domiciles except for the predatory O. paraboloides trace. This suite of ichnotaxa is assigned to the Entobia ichnofacies sensu Bromley and Asgaard; they are comparable, particularly, with the Boulder Assemblage of the Pliocene of Rhodes, Greece. Physical disturbance is an important parameter in favouring this pattern of infestation, whether the bored clasts are boulders or oyster valves.  相似文献   

Cretaceous sedimentary blanketing and tectonic rejuvenation in the Western Klamath moutains: Insights from thermochronology     

Geoffrey E. Batt  Gregory D. Harper  Matthew Heizler  Mary Roden-Tice 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2010,2(2):138-151

We present new thermochronometric analyses of 4 samples from the Western Klamath mountains in California and Oregon, together with a re-evaluation of available geological constraint from a thermo-tectonic perspective. Early Cretaceous cooling of basement samples is seen to reflect significant exhumation by normal faulting, linked to the Separation Episode during which the Klamah region was rifted away from the formerly contiguous Sierra Nevada block. Syn-faulting sedimentation and subsequent Early Cretaceous re-heating of samples establishes the former continuity of scattered Hornbrook Formation remnants as a significant sedimentary basin spanning the Klamath region, with local maximum thickness of at least 5 km. This basin experienced significant inversion during early Cordilleran development around 110–120 Ma, with further unrooting and almost complete eversion in the Late Cretaceous, associated with Laramide uplift of the region.  相似文献   

Lines of OIV and SIV in the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph spectrum of RR Tel: constraints on atomic data     

G. M. Harper  C. Jordan  P. G. Judge  R. D. Robinson  K. G. Carpenter  T. Brage 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,303(3):L41-L46

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Ozone as a stratospheric Lagrangian tracer     

Simmons  E. L.  Hamilton  R. A. 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1973,106(1):1200-1207

Published papers reporting the use of ozone as a tracer are reviewed, and we conclude, as have the authors themselves, that the results are limited by lack of data. The results of a Meteorological Office experiment in which soundings were made at 12-hour intervals from four stations are also reported. In the light of these we are of the opinion that little further progress is likely unless campaigns involving sixty stations and soundings every 3 hours can be launched. This would be a formidable undertaking, and raises the question of whether it would be worth the effort and expense. A more modest approach might be to use aircraft and balloons in conjunction.  相似文献   

Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism     

D G Simmons 《New Zealand geographer》1994,50(2):57-58

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Microfractures in rocks from two geothermal areas     

Michael L. Batzle  Gene Simmons 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,30(1):71-93

Core samples from the Dunes, California, and Raft River, Idaho, geothermal areas show diagenesis superimposed on episodic fracturing and fracture sealing. The minerals that fill fractures show significant temporal variations. Sealed fractures can act as barriers to fluid flow. Sealed fractures often mark boundaries between regions of significantly different physical properties. The fracture porosities measured on several samples are less than 0.1%. This low value indicates that fractures are effectively sealed or that fracturing is confined to the relatively few large fractures visible within the samples. Fracture sealing and low fracture porosity imply that only the most recently formed fractures are open to fluids.  相似文献   

Heat flow studies: Constraints on the distribution of uranium,thorium and potassium in the continental crust     

Claude Jaupart  John G. Sclater  Gene Simmons 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,52(2):328-344

To study the amount of heat generated by radioactive decay in the continental crust, the usual practice in the literature is to fit to the heat flow and radioactivity data a relationship of the form: Q = Q_r + D · A where Q and A are the observed heat flow and radiogenic heat production. Q_r is the “reduced” heat flow and D is a depth scale. This procedure implicitly assumes that uranium, thorium and potassium have identical distributions in the crust. We suggest that significant information may be lost as the three radioelements may in fact be affected by processes operating over different depths.Data published for four heat flow provinces throughout the world are used to estimate the distributions of uranium, thorium and potassium in the continental crust. These distributions are characterized by a depth scales defined as follows: D_i =∫0h C_i(z)C_i(0)dz where h is the thickness of the layer containing the bulk of radioactivity and C_i(z) the concentration of element i at depth z. Three depth scales are computed from a least-squares fit to the following relationship: Q = Q_r + D_U · A_U + D_T · A_T + D_K · A_T where Q is the observed heat flow and Q_r some constant (a reduced heat flow). A_i is the heat generation rate due to the radioactive decay of element i, and D_i is the corresponding depth scale.The analysis suggests that the three distributions are different and that they have the same basic features in the four provinces considered. The depth scale for potassium is large in granitic areas, that for thorium is small and that for uranium lies between the other two.We propose a simple model according to which each radioelement essentially provides a record for one process. Potassium gives a depth scale for the primary differentiation of the crust. Thorium gives the depth scale of magmatic or metamorphic fluid circulation. Finally, the uranium distribution reflects the late effects of alteration due to meteoric water. We show that the heat flow and radioactivity data are compatible with this model.Our analysis and numerical results are supported by data from deep boreholes and by geochemical evidence, such as detailed investigations of plutonic series and studies of U-Th-Pb systematics.  相似文献   

Constraints on crustal hydration below the Colorado plateau from V_p measurements on crustal xenoliths     

Elaine R. Padovani  Jeremy Hall  Gene Simmons 《Tectonophysics》1982,84(2-4)

Seismic velocities have been measured as a function of confining pressure to 8 kbar for crustal xenoliths from the Moses Rock Dike and Mule Ear Diatreme, two kimberlite pipes on the Colorado Plateau. Rock types measured include rhyolite, granite, diorite, metasedimentary schists and gneisses, mafic amphibolites and granulites. Many of our samples have been hydrothermally altered to greenschist facies mineral assemblages during transport to the earth's surface. The velocity of compressional waves measured on altered amphibolites and granulites are too low by 0.1–0.3 km/s for such rock types to be characteristic of deep crustal levels. A direct correlation exists between progressive alteration and the presence of microcracks extending into the xenoliths from the kimberlitic host rock. Velocities of pristine samples are compatible with existing velocity profiles for the Colorado Plateau and we conclude that the crust at depths greater than 15 km has probably not undergone a greenschist facies metamorphic event. The xenolith suite reflects a crustal profile similar to that exposed in the Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones in northern Italy.  相似文献