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61.
L. D. Ashwal R. A. Armstrong R. J. Roberts M. D. Schmitz F. Corfu C. J. Hetherington K. Burke M. Gerber 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,153(4):389-403
Nepheline-bearing gneisses from the 75 km2 Tambani body in the Mozambique Belt of southern Malawi, are miaskitic biotite-nepheline monzodiorites, reflecting an absence
of K-feldspar, alkali amphiboles or pyroxenes, and contain euhedral zircon megacrysts up to 5 cm across. The zircons contain
U = 1–1,860 ppm, Th = 0–2,170 ppm and Y = 400–1,100 ppm, and very low concentrations of all other measured trace elements
except Hf (HfO2 = 0.53–0.92 wt. %). Cathodoluminescence images reveal oscillatory sector growth zoning and no evidence for xenocrystic cores,
indicating that the zircons represent primary magmatic crystallization products that have survived amphibolite grade metamorphism.
U-Pb isotopic analyses (by TIMS) yield an upper intercept age of 730 ± 4 Ma (MSWD = 1.7), which we interpret as the time of
magmatic crystallization of the zircons. This is coincident with 11 SHRIMP spot analyses, which yield a mean age of 729 ±
7 Ma (MSWD = 0.37). Metamorphism, at 522 ± 17 Ma as suggested by monazite, caused partial Pb-loss during local recrystallization
of zircon. Lu-Hf isotopic data for three whole-rock samples of nepheline-bearing gneiss are collinear with those for zircon
megacrysts, and correspond to an age of 584 ± 17 Ma (MSWD = 0.37. We interpret the Lu-Hf array to represent a mixing line
defined by the Hf isotopic signature of primary zircon and that of the rock-forming minerals reset during metamorphic (re-)crystallization;
hence the 584 Ma age is likely geologically meaningless. Given the well-defined association of nepheline syenites (and phonolitic
volcanic equivalents) with continental rifting, we suggest that the Tambani body represents a magmatic product formed at 730 Ma
during the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. The 522 Ma age is akin to other Pan-African metamorphic ages that record
collisional suturing events during the final assembly of Gondwana. Zircon-bearing nepheline gneisses thus preserve a record
of intra-continental rifting and of continental collision in southern Malawi. 相似文献
62.
Tuna Eken Z. Hossein Shomali Roland Roberts Reynir Bödvarsson 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(2):617-630
Upper-mantle structure under the Baltic Shield is studied using non-linear high resolution teleseismic P -phase tomography. Observed relative arrival-time residuals from 52 teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Swedish National Seismological Network (SNSN) are inverted to delineate the structure of the upper mantle. The network consists of 47 (currently working) three-component broad-band stations located in an area about 450 km wide and 1450 km long. In order to reduce complications due to possible significant three-dimensionality of Earth structure, events chosen for this study lay close to in-line with the long-axis of the array (±30°) . Results indicate P -wave velocity perturbations of ±3 per cent down to at least 470 km below the network. The size of the array allows inversion for structures even at greater depths, and lateral variations of velocity at depths of up to 680 km appear to be resolved. Below the central part of the array (60°–64° N), where ray coverage is best, the data reveals a large region of relatively low velocity at depths of over about 300 km. At depths less than about 250–300 km, the models include a number of features, including an apparent slab-like structure dipping gently towards the north. 相似文献
63.
Eric J.E. Molin Harmen Oppewal Harry J.P. Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2002,4(4):343-358
In this paper, two approaches for measuring residential group preferences, based on the method of Hierarchical Information
Integration (HII), are compared. In particular, the hypothesis that group-based preference models estimated from integrated
HII experiments better predict group preferences than part individual-based group models estimated from classical HII experiments
is tested. To that effect, the models' ability to predict group preferences for new residential alternatives is compared in
a study of residential preferences of co-ops. Results indicate that integrated HII group experiments indeed result in better
predictions of residential preferences. 相似文献
64.
Geopositioning Accuracy of Ikonos Imagery: Indications from Two Dimensional Transformations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Earth observation satellites with 1m resolution, such as Space Imaging's Ikonos system, offer the photogrammetric and remote sensing communities a significant new means for geospatial information collection. These satellites possess the potential for pixel-level geopositioning precision and promise timely, highly automated generation of two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) spatial information products. This paper concentrates on the pursuit of optimal accuracy and considers an essential first step in the evaluation of the Ikonos imaging system, namely the metric integrity of the sensor system. In the absence of sensor calibration information (the camera model), an empirical evaluation approach has been adopted. This involves an assessment of 2D transformations between image and planar object space. It is shown that based on results obtained in the Melbourne Ikonos Testfield, 2D geopositioning to 0.5 m accuracy is possible from the base-level "Geo"product when a modest amount of good quality ground control is available and sub-pixel image mensuration is achieved. These findings are applicable to both near-nadir imagery and oblique stereo images. Moreover, the results obtained suggest that there are no significant geometric perturbations in the sensor system and initial image processing, which augurs well for the successful application of non-collinearity based 3D orientation and triangulation models for Ikonos imagery. 相似文献
65.
Deriving rules from activity diary data: A learning algorithm and results of computer experiments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Theo A. Arentze Frank Hofman Harry J.P. Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(4):325-346
Activity-based models consider travel as a derived demand from the activities households need to conduct in space and time.
Over the last 15 years, computational or rule-based models of activity scheduling have gained increasing interest in time-geography
and transportation research. This paper argues that a lack of techniques for deriving rules from empirical data hinders the
further development of rule-based systems in this area. To overcome this problem, this paper develops and tests an algorithm
for inductively deriving rules from activity-diary data. The decision table formalism is used to exhaustively represent the
theoretically possible decision rules that individuals may use in sequencing a given set of activities. Actual activity patterns
of individuals are supplied to the system as examples. In an incremental learning process, the system progressively improves
on the selection of rules used for reproducing the examples. Computer experiments based on simulated data are performed to
fine-tune rule selection and rule value update functions. The results suggest that the system is effective and fairly robust
for parameter settings. It is concluded, therefore, that the proposed approach opens up possibilities to derive empirically
tested rule-based models of activity scheduling. Follow-up research will be concerned with testing the system on empirical
data.
Received: 31 January 2001 / Accepted: 13 September 2001 相似文献
66.
Wolfram Wobrock Andrea I. Flossmann Marie Monier Jean-Marc Pichon Laurent Cortez Jean-Franois Fournol Alfons Schwarzenbck Stephan Mertes Jost Heintzenberg Paolo Laj Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Sandro Fuzzi Harry Ten Brink Piet Jongejan Ren Otjes 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):7907
The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H2O2 and NH3 in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds. 相似文献
67.
Paolo Laj Andrea I. Flossmann Wolfram Wobrock Sandro Fuzzi Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Stephan Mertes Alfons Schwarzenbck Jost Heintzenberg Harry Ten Brink 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):256
We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H2O2, NH3 and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H2O2 and NH3 are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H2O2 is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH3 uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH4+ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H2O2–SO2 reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming. 相似文献
68.
69.
One of the most popular petrogenetic concepts is that of simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallisation (AFC).
The equations governing these processes are well known and widely applied. The power and attraction of the model are that,
with the minimum of constraints, petrogenetic schemes can be erected for essentially any group of rocks. These models are
usually based on the observed variations in a small number of trace elements and/or isotopic systems. In this paper we have
generated well-constrained AFC models for the Variscan, calc-alkaline Quérigut complex in the French Pyrénées. Our models
are based on geological constraints on the identities of the parent magma and candidate assimilants, and the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr
isotope systematics of the rocks. The modelling is successful in mimicking the isotope array for the actual rocks. However,
the results are massively inconsistent with those produced using the major- and trace-element concentrations. Our major conclusion
is that AFC modelling should be undertaken only with robust initial constraints on the compositions of the parent magma and
the proposed assimilant, with due respect for crystal-liquid partition coefficients, in so far as they are known. The results
should then be accepted only if the isotope-based model parameters are consistent with those derived from major- and trace-element
variations.
Received: 19 August 1994/Accepted: 23 March 1995 相似文献
70.
Summary If for a point on the earth's surface, the apparent (moveout) seismic velocities have been determined for a number of profiles in different directions, a possibility is offered to calculate true strike and dip of crustal boundaries. In the present paper the theory is developed, partly for a sloping Mohorovii discontinuity only, partly for sloping Conrad and Mohorovii discontinuities with parallel strikes. The theory for the sloping Mohorovii discontinuity is applied to field measurements at a place about 30 km west of Uppsala performed in June 1969. With a crustalP-wave velocity of 6.3 km/sec, a good fit to the observations is obtained for aPn-velocity of 8.55 km/sec and a downdip of Moho of 7.2° in the direction S 3.8° E. These numerical values are not the most important output of this paper. On the other hand, the testing of the method appears far more important, and also that improvements can be suggested in the experimental procedure in future applications of this method. 相似文献