MODIS-NDVI-based mapping of the length of the growing season in northern Fennoscandia     

Stein Rune Karlsen  Anne Tolvanen  Eero Kubin  Jarmo Poikolainen  Kjell Arild Høgda  Bernt Johansen  Fiona S. Danks  Paul Aspholm  Frans Emil Wielgolaski  Olga Makarova 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2008

Northern Fennoscandia is an ecologically heterogeneous region in the arctic/alpine-boreal transition area. Phenology data on birch from 13 stations and 16-day MODIS-NDVI composite satellite data with 250 m resolution for the period 2000 to 2006 were used to map the growing season. A new combined pixel-specific NDVI threshold and decision rule-based mapping method was developed to determine the onset and end of the growing season. A moderately high correlation was found between NDVI data and birch phenology data. The earliest onset of the growing season is found in the narrow strip of lowland between the mountains and the sea along the coast of northern Norway. The onset follows a clear gradient from lowland to mountain corresponding to the decreasing temperature gradient. In autumn, the yellowing of the vegetation shows a more heterogeneous pattern. The length of the growing season is between 100 and 130 days in 55% of the study area.  相似文献   

On a four-dimensional integrated geodesy     

Collier  P. A.  Eissfeller  B.  Hein  G. W.  Landau  H. 《Journal of Geodesy》1988,62(1):71-91

In contrast to continuous global considerations of time dependent boundary value problems an attempt is made to define4D-linear observation equations in the framework of integrated geodesy for discrete, more or less regional and local applications (deformation analysis) where time variations in position and in the gravity field have to be considered. The derivation is a strict analogue and extension of the3D integrated approach. In addition the construction of time dependent covariance functions is discussed, which are necessary to solve for unknown displacements and changes in the gravity potential in the generalized least squares collocation model.  相似文献   

Report on Kukkam?ki's simplified method for an aproximate comprehensive adjustment of contiguous level networks     

G. A. Rune 《Journal of Geodesy》1950,24(4):445-447

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Report on levelling and moon-sun diurnal oscillation of the vertical     

G. A. Rune 《Journal of Geodesy》1950,24(4):448-449

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On Bowie's method of triangulation adjustment     

G. A. Rune 《Journal of Geodesy》1948,22(1):55-63

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Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount,equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation     

V. K. Banakar  J. R. Hein  R. P. Rajani  A. R. Chodankar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(1):3-13

The major element relationships in ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount (ANS), eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, appear to be atypical. High positive correlations (r = 0.99) between Mn/Co and Fe/Co ratios, and lack of correlation of those ratios with Co, Ce, and Ce/Co, indicate that the ANS Fe-Mn crusts are distinct from Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts, and reflect region-specific chemical characteristics. The platinum group elements (PGE: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Au in ANS Fe-Mn crusts are derived from seawater and are mainly of terrestrial origin, with a minor cosmogenic component. The Ru/Rh (0.5–2) and Pt/Ru ratios (7–28) are closely comparable to ratios in continental basalts, whereas Pd/Ir ratios exhibit values (<2) similar to CI-chondrite (∼1). The chondrite-normalized PGE patterns are similar to those of igneous rocks, except that Pd is relatively depleted. The water depth of Fe-Mn crust formation appears to have a first-order control on both major element and PGE enrichments. These relationships are defined statistically by significant (r > 0.75) correlations between water depth and Mn/Co, Fe/Co, Ce/Co, Co, and the PGEs. Fractionation of the PGE-Au from seawater during colloidal precipitation of the major-oxide phases is indicated by well-defined linear positive correlations (r > 0.8) of Co and Ce with Ir, Ru, Rh, and Pt; Au/Co with Mn/Co; and by weak or no correlations of Pd with water depth, Co-normalized major-element ratios, and with the other PGE (r < 0.5). The strong enrichment of Pt (up to 1 ppm) relative to the other PGE and its positive correlations with Ce and Co demonstrate a common link for the high concentrations of all three elements, which likely involves an oxidation reaction on the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces. The documented fractionation of PGE-Au and their positive association with redox sensitive Co and Ce may have applications in reconstructing past-ocean redox conditions and water masses.  相似文献   

Chemical fractionation of zinc versus cadmium among other metals nickel, copper and lead in the northern North Sea     

Rob F. Nolting  Hein J. W. de Baar  Klaas R. Timmermans  Karel Bakker 《Marine Chemistry》1999,67(3-4)

Concentrations of dissolved Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were measured in water samples collected during a cruise with R.V Pelagia (29-6/14-7-1993) in the northern North Sea and N.E. Atlantic Ocean. At least six depths (0–90 m) were sampled with modified Go-Flo samplers from a rubber zodiac. In the study area, the first 25 m were well mixed and stratification occurred below this depth. The local bloom of Emiliania huxleyi hardly affected the trace metals concentration, except for some removal of Cd as seen from its correlation with nitrate. The mean dissolved concentrations were for Ni (3.66 nM), Cu (1.61 nM), Zn (4.5 nM), Cd (48 pM) and Pb (108 pM). These concentrations are among the lowest reported for the North Sea and are of similar magnitude to those found in the eastern North Atlantic at the same latitude. Zn was the only exception with values 10 times higher compared to those in the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting external inputs, mainly atmospheric and possibly from surrounding land masses. The observed ratio Zn:Cd in the North Sea and estuaries is in between the high ratio 600–900 for continental sources and the low ratio 5–10 for oceanic waters. Latter low ratio is consistent with the 21-fold stronger inorganic complexation of Cd in seawater which, in combination with the preferential biological uptake of Zn, may lead to the observed about hundredfold fractionation of Zn versus Cd in the marine system. Other processes may play a role but would need further investigation. The dissolved Pb values tend to be lower than found before in the North Sea, indicating decreasing inventories due to reduced anthropogenic emissions.  相似文献   

Influence of subsurface injection on time‐lapse seismic: laboratory studies at seismic and ultrasonic frequencies          下载免费PDF全文

Dawid Szewczyk  Rune M. Holt  Andreas Bauer 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(Z1):99-115

Seismic monitoring of reservoir and overburden performance during subsurface CO₂ storage plays a key role in ensuring efficiency and safety. Proper interpretation of monitoring data requires knowledge about the rock physical phenomena occurring in the subsurface formations. This work focuses on rock stiffness and elastic velocity changes of a shale overburden formation caused by both reservoir inflation induced stress changes and leakage of CO₂ into the overburden. In laboratory experiments, Pierre shale I core plugs were loaded along the stress path representative for the in situ stress changes experienced by caprock during reservoir inflation. Tests were carried out in a triaxial compaction cell combining three measurement techniques and permitting for determination of (i) ultrasonic velocities, (ii) quasistatic rock deformations, and (iii) dynamic elastic stiffness at seismic frequencies within a single test, which allowed to quantify effects of seismic dispersion. In addition, fluid substitution effects connected with possible CO₂ leakage into the caprock formation were modelled by the modified anisotropic Gassmann model. Results of this work indicate that (i) stress sensitivity of Pierre shale I is frequency dependent; (ii) reservoir inflation leads to the increase of the overburden Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio; (iii) in situ stress changes mostly affect the P‐wave velocities; (iv) small leakage of the CO₂ into the overburden may lead to the velocity changes, which are comparable with one associated with geomechanical influence; (v) non‐elastic effects increase stress sensitivity of an acoustic waves; (iv) and both geomechanical and fluid substitution effects would create significant time shifts, which should be detectable by time‐lapse seismic.  相似文献   

Green restructuring,innovation, and transitions in Norwegian industry: The role of economic geography     

Markus Steen  Rune Njøs 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(1):1-3

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Innovation networks and green restructuring: Which path development can EU Framework Programmes stimulate in Norway?     

Giuseppe Calignano  Rune Dahl Fitjar  Nina Hjertvikrem 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(1):65-78

ABSTRACT

With combined insights from evolutionary economic geography and transition studies, the article examines the engagement of different regions in Norway in the innovation networks created within the European Union’s environmental programmes. The aim is to explore the programmes’ potential for supporting green economy and economic restructuring through branching and new path creation. The authors assess which regions participate in the programmes, which international networks they build, and which organisations participate in different regions. They compare three regions with different restructuring needs and research capacity – the counties of Rogaland, Hordaland, and Sør-Trøndelag (now part of the county of Trøndelag). They find that overall, Norwegian organisations participate relatively frequently in the programmes, but private firms play a marginal role. Their partners are mainly in core EU regions. Regional participation in the programmes is a function of research capacity as well as oil dependence. The authors conclude that in research-oriented regions, research establishments tend to dominate participation, creating potential for restructuring mainly through path creation. In oil-dependent regions, private firms account for a higher share of participants, enhancing the potential for branching. As the former regions participate more, the programme can mainly stimulate path creation.  相似文献