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11.
Hilmar V. Platen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1965,11(4):334-381
To elucidate the problem regarding the genesis of granites and migmatites, the influence of a) anorthite component, b) mafic components, and c) composition of the fluid phase on the crystallization of, granitic melts has been experimentally studied. As starting material, an obsidian with an average granitic composition has been selected and mixtures of this obsidian with anorthite or biotite have been made. H2O or diluted solutions of NH3, HF or HCl have been used as a fluid phase. The experiments were conducted under 2000 bars gas pressure and under isochemical conditions. At the outset of each experiment obsidian and the mixtures have been melted under 2000 bars pressure and then the temperature has been brought down stepwise, in order, to study the sequence and temperature of crystallization directly from the melt. The results of these experiments are plotted on a series of quartz-orthoclase-albite (Q-Ab-Or) melt diagrams, so that a better comparison with the different granitic systems and with the simple Q-Ab-Or-H20 system ofTuttle andBowen, (1958) can be achieved. The melt or crystallization diagrams of these complex granitic systems under study, represent projections of the Q-Ab-Or-An (An= anorthite) tetrahedron on to the base Q-Ab-Or. In all these triangular diagrams, there are three regions of crystallization: quartz, plagioclase and alkalifelspar. These three regions of crystallization are separated from each other by three cotectic lines; which meet at a point: the eutectic point. The sequence of crystallization of the leucocratic minerals; observed in the different granitic systems investigated experimentally here, can be understood with the help of such diagrams easily. From these experiments the following petrogenetically interesting results have been obtained:
- 1.The order of crystallization of granitic melts is to a great extent influenced: by the normative proportion of the Ab/An components and the composition of the fluid phase. (It is not the variation in the An content directly but the variation in the relative proportions of Ab/An, that causes a change in the order of crystallization.) In general, with decreasing Ab/An proportion in a rock or a melt, the amount of albite component in the.eutectic melt decrease,. while at the same time- the amount of quartz and orthoclase components increase. When the Ab/An proportion of a rock is more than 3.5, then the corresponding eutectic melt is of granitic composition; and when the proportion is lesser than 3.5 the eutectic melt is quartz and orthoclase rich and has aplitic composition. Calc-alkaligranites and alkaligranites have an average Ab/An proportion of 4.7 and 10.5, respectively. 相似文献
12.
The formation of ice cover on lakes alters heat and energy transfer with the water column. The fraction of surface area covered by ice and the timing of ice-on and ice-off therefore affects hydrodynamics and the seasonal development of stratification and related ecosystem processes. Multi-year model simulations of temperate lake ecosystems that freeze partially or completely therefore require simulation of the formation and duration of ice cover. Here we present a multi-year hydrodynamic simulation of an alpine lake with complex morphology (Lower Lake Constance, LLC) using the three-dimensional (3D) model Aquatic Ecosystem Model (AEM3D) over a period of 9 years. LLC is subdivided into three basins (Gnadensee, Zeller See and Rheinsee) which differ in depth, morphological features, hydrodynamic conditions and ice cover phenology and thickness. Model results were validated with field observations and additional information on ice cover derived from a citizen science approach using information from social media. The model reproduced the occurrence of thin ice as well as its inter-annual variability and differentiated the frequency and extent of ice cover between the three sub-basins. It captured that full ice cover occurs almost each winter in Gnadensee, but only rarely in Zeller See and Rheinsee. The results indicate that the 3D model AEM3D is suitable for simulating long-term dynamics of thin ice cover in lakes with complex morphology and inter-annual changes in spatially heterogeneous ice cover. 相似文献
13.
A number of examples are presented to substantiate that submarine landslides have occurred along most continental margins and along several volcano flanks. Their properties of importance for tsunami generation (i.e. physical dimensions, acceleration, maximum velocity, mass discharge, and travel distance) can all gain extreme values compared to their subaerial counterparts. Hence, landslide tsunamis may also be extreme and have regional impact. Landslide tsunami characteristics are discussed explaining how they may exceed tsunamis induced by megathrust earthquakes, hence representing a significant risk even though they occur more infrequently. In fact, submarine landslides may cause potentially extreme tsunami run-up heights, which may have consequences for the design of critical infrastructure often based on unjustifiably long return periods. Giant submarine landslides are rare and related to climate changes or glacial cycles, indicating that giant submarine landslide tsunami hazard is in most regions negligible compared to earthquake tsunami hazard. Large-scale debris flows surrounding active volcanoes or submarine landslides in river deltas may be more frequent. Giant volcano flank collapses at the Canary and Hawaii Islands developed in the early stages of the history of the volcanoes, and the tsunamigenic potential of these collapses is disputed. Estimations of recurrence intervals, hazard, and uncertainties with today’s methods are discussed. It is concluded that insufficient sampling and changing conditions for landslide release are major obstacles in transporting a Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) approach from earthquake to landslide tsunamis and that the more robust Scenario-Based Tsunami Hazard Assessment (SBTHA) approach will still be most efficient to use. Finally, the needs for data acquisition and analyses, laboratory experiments, and more sophisticated numerical modelling for improved understanding and hazard assessment of landslide tsunamis are elaborated. 相似文献
14.
15.
Etienne Favey Alain Geiger G. Hilmar Gudmundsson & Aloysius Wehr 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):555-561
Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is well suited for the production of digital elevation models (DEM), and can, in contrast to photographic methods, be used to acquire a DEM independently of surface texture and external light sources. ALS thus serves as a tool to generate DEMs of firn areas where photogram- metric methods often fail.
The potential of an integrated ALS system – comprising a laser scanner, precise differential global positioning system, and a gyro platform – for DEM generation of firn areas is currently being assessed. The Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, has been chosen as a test site. As part of a pilot project aimed at determining the mass balance distribution of that glacier without the use of in situ information, ALS measurements were conducted in autumn 1997. The DEM derived from laser measurements is extremely sensitive to the position and attitude of the aircraft. Currently the main work focuses on assessing and improving the system's accuracy by error modelling and by the development of error-correction algorithms.
Preliminary results from Unteraargletscher are presented, and the potential of this method for the generation of DEMs of firn areas is discussed. 相似文献
The potential of an integrated ALS system – comprising a laser scanner, precise differential global positioning system, and a gyro platform – for DEM generation of firn areas is currently being assessed. The Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, has been chosen as a test site. As part of a pilot project aimed at determining the mass balance distribution of that glacier without the use of in situ information, ALS measurements were conducted in autumn 1997. The DEM derived from laser measurements is extremely sensitive to the position and attitude of the aircraft. Currently the main work focuses on assessing and improving the system's accuracy by error modelling and by the development of error-correction algorithms.
Preliminary results from Unteraargletscher are presented, and the potential of this method for the generation of DEMs of firn areas is discussed. 相似文献
16.
Hilmar Lorenz 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1982,303(2):138-138
17.
Hilmar von Eynatten Thomas Voigt Angela Meier Hans-Joachim Franzke Reinhard Gaupp 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(6):1315-1330
The Harz Mountains and the adjacent Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin figure as the most prominent surface representative for
Late Cretaceous inversion structures in Central Europe. Facies, depositional architecture and provenance of the basin fill
reflect mechanisms and timing of the exhumation of the Harz. From Hauterivian to Early Santonian there is no evidence for
detrital input from the nearby Harz area. Sediments are mature quartzarenites derived from Paleozoic basement rocks and/or
recycled Permian to Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. This situation changed drastically in Middle to Late Santonian when freshly
exhumed and eroded Mesozoic sedimentary cover rocks of the Harz were delivered into the basin. Feldspar and lithoclasts reflect
erosion of Triassic and, in places, Jurassic to Turonian strata. Apatite and garnet in heavy mineral spectra are derived from
largely unweathered Lower Triassic Buntsandstein as indicated by apatite and garnet chemistry. In Early Campanian, Paleozoic
lithoclasts indicate erosion cutting down into the basement of the Harz. Simultaneous strong decrease of feldspar, garnet
and apatite suggest an almost complete removal of the 2–3 km thick Mesozoic cover of the Harz within only 2–4 Myr. This translates
into an exhumation rate of approximately 1 mm/a consistent with apatite fission track data from granitoid rocks of the Harz
Mountains. 相似文献
18.
Tamás Mikes Björn Baresel Andreas Kronz Dirk Frei István Dunkl Raimon Tolosana‐Delgado Hilmar Von Eynatten 《地学学报》2009,21(6):495-506
Three independent single‐grain geochronometers applied to detrital minerals from Central Dinaride sediments constrain the timing of felsic magmatism that associated the Jurassic evolution of the Neotethys. The Lower Cretaceous clastic wedge of the Bosnian Flysch, sourced from the Dinaride ophiolitic thrust complex, yields magmatic monazite and zircon grains with dominant age components of 164 ± 3 and 152 ± 10 Ma respectively. A unique tephra horizon within the Adriatic Carbonate Platform was dated at 148 ± 11 Ma by apatite fission track analysis. These consistent results suggest that leucocractic melt generation in the Central Dinaride segment of the Neotethys culminated in Middle to Late Jurassic times, coeval with and slightly post‐dating subophiolitic sole metamorphism. Growth of magmatic monazite and explosive volcanism call for supra‐subduction‐zone processes at the convergent Neotethyan margin. New compilation of geochronological data demonstrates that such Jurassic felsic rocks are widespread in the entire Dinaride–Hellenide orogen. 相似文献
19.
Borna Lužar-Oberiter Tamás Mikes Hilmar von Eynatten Ljubomir Babić 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(5):1097-1108
Cr-spinel is a common heavy mineral in the sandstones of Cretaceous synorogenic sedimentary formations of the NW Dinarides,
Croatia. The rocks occur in isolated exposures in the uplifted basement units of Medvednica, Ivanščica, Žumberak and Samobor
Mountains near Zagreb. In this area, evidence of the early Alpine evolution of the Dinarides is obscured due to strong dismemberment
of pre-Tertiary tectonostratigraphic units resulting from an intense tectonic history, as well as due to the widespread sedimentary
cover of the Pannonian Basin. Electron microprobe analyses of detrital Cr-spinels from the Oštrc Formation reveal that in
the Early Cretaceous the ophiolitic source area was predominantly composed of harzburgite peridotites and associated cumulate
rocks, which developed in a supra-subduction zone setting. The supply of Cr-spinels with the same chemical signature remained
dominant until the end of the Cretaceous, suggesting that exposed remnants of the same ophiolite belt persisted through the
Cretaceous and/or that recycling was significant. Similarities with data reported from the Northern Calcareous Alps and the
Transdanubian Central Range imply that a rather extensive harzburgitic ophiolite belt probably extended along the Adriatic
margin during the Early Cretaceous. A slight trend of increasing variation in the Cr# is observed from the Early to the latest
Cretaceous, suggesting that the source areas became more heterogeneous with the ongoing Cretaceous tectonic evolution. Differences
in Cr-spinel compositions in two contemporaneous latest Cretaceous formations are well in line with existing data on heavy
mineral proportions, which together identify contrasting hinterland geology for these formations and strongly suggest the
coeval existence of two separate basins.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
20.
Pozsgai Emília Józsa Sándor Dunkl István Sebe Krisztina Thamó-Bozsó Edit Sajó István Dezső József von Eynatten Hilmar 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,106(6):2005-2024
International Journal of Earth Sciences - The Tisza Megaunit in the Southern Pannonian Basin formed part of the southern margin of the European Plate in the Early Mesozoic era. Its exact... 相似文献