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161.
XinPing Wang YaFeng Zhang Rui Hu YanXia Pan HaoJie Xu Wei Shi YanXia Jin Hiroshi Yasuda 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(6):477-484
Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating landscape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tipping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time (MIT) from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events. 相似文献
162.
Hidemi Ishibashi Hiroyuki Kagi Shoko Odake Hiroyuki Ohfuji Hiroshi Kitawaki 《Geochemistry International》2016,54(10):882-889
Field Emission SEM (FESEM) textural observations, crystal size distribution (CSD) analyses, UV-excited luminescence imaging, and photoluminescence (PL) microspectroscopy excited by 488 nm laser were conducted on two texturally contrasting samples of carbonado, a kind of natural polycrystalline diamond from the Central African Republic (CAR). The investigated carbonado samples A and B show extremely different textures: sample A is made up of faceted crystals accompanied by abundant, small rectangular pores, whereas sample B has a granular texture with coarser crystals and scarce, large pores. Diamond crystals smaller than 2–3 µm are enriched in sample A but depleted in sample B. These textural features indicate that sample B diamonds were annealed under thermodynamically stable P–T conditions. The pore characteristics indicate that fluid permeability was higher for sample A than sample B. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that samples A and B correspond to Group A and B carbonados in the classification of Kagi et al. (1994), respectively, so that sample A reveals emissions from the H3 center without any N–V0 derived emission at 575 nm, whereas sample B shows emissions from the 3H center and the N–V0 defect. In addition, UV-excited luminescence images and photoluminescence spectra for sample B indicate that the rims of diamond crystals within several microns of a pore show luminescence features similar to those of Group AB carbonados (Kagi et al., 1994), indicating that this Group AB material was formed from Group B by irradiation from pore-filling, radioactive-element-bearing materials at a low temperature. The extent of the low-temperature irradiation is considered to depend on fluid permeability, and the Group A material was strongly irradiated due to its permeable texture whereas the Group B material was not significantly irradiated due to its less permeable granular texture. These results indicate that Group B carbonados have retained their original PL spectral features produced under high pressures and temperatures at mantle depths. 相似文献
163.
At four stations in Tokyo Bay, pore water profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), phosphorus (DOP), and inorganic nutrients were determined at 3-month intervals over 6 years. Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrients were significantly higher in pore waters than in the overlying waters. Pore water DOC, DON, and DOP concentrations in the upper most sediment layer (0–1 cm) ranged from 246 to 888 μM, from 14.6 to 75.9 μM, and from 0.02 to 9.83 μM, respectively. Concentrations of DOM and nutrients in pore waters occasionally showed clear seasonal trends and were highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. The seasonal trends in the pore water DOM concentrations were coupled with trends in the overlying water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. Benthic effluxes of DON and DOP were low compared with those of inorganic nutrients, accounting for only 1.0 and 1.5 % of the total benthic effluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively; thus benthic DOM fluxes were quantitatively insignificant to the inorganic nutrient fluxes in Tokyo Bay. The DOM fluxes represented about 7, 3, and 10 % of the riverine discharge of DOC, DON, and DOP to Tokyo Bay, respectively. 相似文献
164.
Kazuhiro?AokiEmail author Manabu?Shimizu Hiroshi?Kuroda Toshifumi?Yamatogi Naoya?Ishida Shigeru?Kitahara Keiji?Hirano 《Journal of Oceanography》2016,72(5):811-816
In both 2009 and 2010, massive Chattonella blooms occurred in Tachibana Bay. Observation results show that high cell densities of Chattonella were distributed in the central area of Tachibana Bay with low salinity water. Model results indicate that the low salinity water originated from the Ariake Sea and intruded into Tachibana Bay during the northerly or weak winds. It is suggested that low salinity water was mainly discharged from the northern area of the Ariake Sea. Northerly wind enhanced the horizontal advection of the low salinity water intruding into Tachibana Bay originating from the northern area of the Ariake Sea. 相似文献
165.
166.
167.
Ogawa Toshio Tanaka Yoshikazu Huzita Akira Yasuhara Michihiro 《Planetary and Space Science》1975,23(5):825-830
Three dimensional electric fields were measured at the altitude of about 27 km in the stratosphere over the Pacific Ocean about 200–400 km away from the Sanriku coast of Honsyu Island (L = 1·4) on 16–17 October 1973, which was magnetically disturbed. The average horizontal electric field thus measured is about 10 mV/m, and the electric field vectors made clockwise semidiurnal rotations rather than diurnal. Daily variation of this electric field was compared with data at L = 2·7–3·5 published by Mozer (1973) and was found to be very similar. This suggests that these electric fields are of common origin in the plasmasphere. From their mean daily variation it is estimated that the plasmaspheric convection is decreased in the night side and is increased in the day side by 200–300 m/sec, and there is an outward flow in the first half of the afternoon and an inward flow in the plasma bulge region of about 500 m/sec. 相似文献
168.
The radial brightness distribution of the quiet Sun at 8.6 mm is synthesized from observations using a sixteen element east-west interferometer in Nagoya. The observed brightness is flat from the disk center to 0.8R
. A slight darkening appeared between 0.8R
and the limb. No evidence of the bright ring near the limb is found. The radio radius at 8.6 mm is 1.015±0.005R
. In addition there exists a coronal component just outside the radio limb. 相似文献
169.
Hiroshi Kuroda Manabu Shimizu Yuuichi Hirota Hideki Akiyama 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(5):849-862
Through analysis of monthly in situ hydrographic, tide gauge, altimetry and Kuroshio axis data for the years 1993–2001, the intraannual variability of sea level
around Tosa Bay, Japan, with periods of 2–12 months is examined together with the intraannual variability of the Kuroshio
south of the bay. It is shown that the intraannual variation of steric height on the slope in Tosa Bay can account for that
of sea level at the coast around the bay as well as on this slope. It is found that the steric height (or sea level) variation
on the slope in this bay is mainly controlled by the subsurface thermal variation correlated with the Kuroshio variation off
Cape Ashizuri, the western edge of Tosa Bay. That is, when the nearshore Kuroshio velocity south of the cape is intensified
[weakened] concurrently with the northward [southward] displacement of the current axis, temperature in an entire water column
decreases [increases] simultaneously, mainly due to the upward [downward] displacement of isotherms, coincident with that
of the main thermocline. It follows that the steric height (or sea level) decreases [increases]. 相似文献
170.
Wind effects on sub-tidal currents are studied using current meter records obtained at six moorings across the main basin
of Puget Sound. High correlations between wind speeds and currents are found near the surface and at mid-depths of about 100
m. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis applied to the axial currents in 1984 and 1985 shows that mode 1, containing over
60% of the variance, is highly correlated with wind speed even without any near surface current records. When near surface
stratification is strong, direct wind effects are limited to the upper 30 m with counter currents in the lower layer indicating
a baroclinic response. The transport in the lower layer almost balances the transport in the upper layer. When near surface
stratification is weak, direct wind effects on currents can be detected to about 100 m. In this case, there is no clear and
consistent depth at which one can separate the upper from the lower layer. Time series show that the acceleration in the surface
layer initially increases in the same direction as the wind when the wind starts blowing, but it reaches a maximum, starts
decreasing, and eventually changes to the opposite direction (decelerates) while the wind continues to blow in one direction.
Results of a continuously stratified normal mode model and estimations from the observations suggest that friction at solid
boundaries is a major cause of these phenomena. The model shows that modal currents of normal modes 2 and 3 are as important
as mode 1, although the resultant vertical structure of total current shows a two-layer type pattern with only one zero crossing.
The effect of the baroclinic pressure gradient is only apparent at low frequencies and among lower modes. 相似文献