Interannual variability of the Kuroshio transport passing through the 137°E meridian in an OGCM related to the North Pacific windstress     

Yoshinobu Wakata  Takashi Setou  Ikuo Kaneko  Hiroshi Uchida  Shiro Imawaki 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(1):25-35

The interannual variability of the Kuroshio volume transport passing through the 137°E meridian south of Japan was simulated with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). The time series of the Kuroshio volume transport over the 1000 m depth in the OGCM is well reproduced by the one-dimensional quasi-geostrophic (QG) vorticity equation with a windstress forcing. In our analysis of the OGCM and QG results, we found that peaks and troughs of the time series of the Kuroshio volume transport with 2–3 yr time-scale were induced by windstress curl, both local and immediately eastward, whereas longer time-scale variability was also induced by windstress curl near the dateline.  相似文献   

Pingos on Earth and Mars     

Devon M. Burr  Kenneth L. Tanaka  Kenji Yoshikawa 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(5-6):541-555

Pingos are massive ice-cored mounds that develop through pressurized groundwater flow mechanisms. Pingos and their collapsed forms are found in periglacial and paleoperiglacial terrains on Earth, and have been hypothesized for a wide variety of locations on Mars. This literature review of pingos on Earth and Mars first summarizes the morphology of terrestrial pingos and their geologic contexts. That information is then used to asses hypothesized pingos on Mars. Pingo-like forms (PLFs) in Utopia Planitia are the most viable candidates for pingos or collapsed pingos. Other PLFs hypothesized in the literature to be pingos may be better explained with other mechanisms than those associated with terrestrial-style pingos.  相似文献   

Variation in lunar sodium exosphere measured from lunar orbiter SELENE (Kaguya)     

M. Kagitani  M. Taguchi  I. Yoshikawa  K. Yoshioka  S. Okano 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(12):1660-1664

Resonant scattering of the lunar sodium exosphere was measured from the lunar orbiter SELENE (Kaguya) from December 2008 to June 2009. Variations in line-of-sight integrated intensity measured on the night-side hemisphere of the Moon could be described as a spherical symmetric distribution of the sodium exosphere with a temperature of 2400-6000 K. Average surface density of sodium atoms in February is well above that in the other months by about 30%. A clear variation in surface density related to the Moon’s passage across the Earth’s magnetotail could not be seen, although sodium density gradually decreased (by 20±8%) during periods from the first through the last quarter of two lunar cycles. These results suggest that the supra-thermal components of the sodium exosphere are not mainly produced by classical sputtering of solar wind. The variation in sodium density (which depends on lunar-phase angle) is possibly explained by the presence of an inhomogeneous source distribution of photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) on the surface.  相似文献   

Simple monitoring method for precaution of landslides watching tilting and water contents on slopes surface   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Taro Uchimura  Ikuo Towhata  Trinh Thi Lan Anh  Jou Fukuda  Carlos J. B. Bautista  Lin Wang  Ichiro Seko  Taro Uchida  Akira Matsuoka  Yosuke Ito  Yuichi Onda  Sho Iwagami  Min-Seok Kim  Naoki Sakai 《Landslides》2010,7(3):351-357

A low-cost and simple monitoring method for early warning of landslides is proposed. To detect abnormal deformation of a slope, this method employs a tilt sensor in place of an extensometer on the slope surface. In order to examine the relevance of measuring rotation angle on a slope surface by tilt sensor, model tests were conducted, and rotation on the slope surface was observed together with slide displacement along the surface. The rotation data responded 30 min before failure in a model test, which could be useful as a signal for early warning. However, the behavior of rotation before failure varies from case to case, and thus, criteria to issue warning should be defined more carefully. For a model slope made of uniform loose sand, measurement of slide displacement along the slope surface is sensitive to failure at the toe, while the measurement of rotation on the slope surface is useful to detect the development of progressive failure upward along the slope. Wireless sensor units with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) tilt sensor and volumetric water content sensor were also examined on a real slope in Kobe City, and a long-term monitoring was attempted. A simple but possible way to define the criteria of judgment to issue warning can be proposed based on combination of data obtained by the tilt sensors and volumetric water content sensors.  相似文献   

地震液化条件下重力式码头的变形破坏机理   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

方云  东烟郁生 《地球科学》2001,26(4):415-418

现场调查发现在神户地震期间重力式码头破坏时都发生了相当大的侧向位移，因此，阐明挡土墙有变形机理对于改善抗震设计具有十分重要的意义。为此，根据相似原理设计了重力式码头的地基模型，进行了一系列的振动台试验。试验结果表明：基底土的强度降低和局部液化是挡土墙变形破坏的主导因素。墙后动土压力的增加为挡土墙的运动提供了条件。在液化条件下重力式码头地基的运动以侧向位移为主。重力作用是地基侧向运动的主要影响因素。减少作用于挡土墙上的动土压力和充分填实基底下的砂土是增加重力式码头抗震稳定性的重要措施。  相似文献   

Volatilization of sodium from silicate melt spheres and its application to the formation of chondrules     

Akira Tsuchiyama  Hiroko Nagahara  Ikuo Kushiro 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1981,45(8):1357-1367

The rates of volatilization of Na from liquid spheres of chondrule compositions have been determined as functions of time, temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, and sizes of the spheres. The Na₂O content in the sphere is uniform in each run. but it decreases with time of the run, indicating that the rate of diffusion of Na in the liquid is greater than that of volatilization, and that the latter is the rate-controlling process. The rate of sodium volatilization becomes greater with increasing temperature and with decreasing P_O2 and size of the spheres. The relation of the Na₂O content in the liquid sphere with time and its size indicate that the amount of Na₂O volatilized from the liquid spheres within unit time is proportional to the surface area of the spheres and the concentration of Na₂O in the liquid. From these relations, the rate of volatilization of sodium can be obtained at constant temperature and P_o2. The rate of volatilization of sodium satisfies the Arrhenius relation within the temperature range from about 1450–1600 C at 10^?9,2 atm p_O2; the activation energy for the sodium volatilization is approximately 100 kcal-mole^?1. The rate is also approximately proportional to within the range of p_O2 from 10^?10.2 to 10^?5.0 atm at about 1500° C. Based on the present results and the Na₂O contents in chondrules. it is suggested that they experienced an instant heating with maximum temperature of 1400–2200° C followed by an immediate cooling.  相似文献   

A possible effect of melt structure on the Mg-Fe partitioning between olivine and melt     

Ikuo Kushiro  Bjorn O Mysen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(12):2267-2272

Partitioning of Mg and Fe²⁺ between olivine and mafic melts has been determined experimentally for eight different synthetic compositions in the temperature range between 1335 and 1425°C at 0.1 MPa pressure and at fo₂ ∼1 log unit below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer. The partition coefficient [K_D = (Fe²⁺/Mg)^ol/(Fe²⁺/Mg)^melt] increases from 0.25 to 0.34 with increasing depolymerization of melt (NBO/T of melt from 0.25-1.2), and then decreases with further depolymerization of melt (NBO/T from 1.2-2.8). These variations are similar to those observed in natural basalt-peridotite systems. In particular, the variation in NBO/T ranges for basaltic-picritic melts (0.4-1.5) is nearly identical to that obtained in the present experiments. Because the present experiments were carried out at constant pressure (0.1 MPa) and in a relatively small temperature range (90°C), the observed variations of Mg and Fe²⁺ partitioning between olivine and melt must depend primarily on the composition or structure of melt. Such variations of K_D may depend on the relative proportions of four-, five-, and six-coordinated Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ in melt as a function of degree of NBO/T.  相似文献   

An unconformity in the early Miocene syn-rifting succession, northern Noto Peninsula, Japan: Evidence for short-term uplifting precedent to the rapid opening of the Japan Sea     

Kazuhiko Kano  Toshiyuki Yoshikawa  Yukio Yanagisawa  Kenshiro Ogasawara  Tohru Danhara 《Island Arc》2002,11(3):170-184

Abstract   The present paper describes the newly discovered early Miocene unconformity in the northern Noto Peninsula, on the Japan Sea side, central Japan. The unconformity marks the boundary between an early Miocene non-marine to marine succession and a more extensive, late early to early middle Miocene marine succession, and contains a time gap of an order of 1 million years or less from 18 Ma or earlier to 17 Ma. The early Miocene succession likely represents an early phase of marine transgression and initial slow rifting. The overlying early to early middle Miocene succession records the climax of the opening of the Japan Sea at ca  16 Ma with widespread, rapid subsidence of the Japan Arc. The unconformity between the two transgressive successions may represent a global sealevel fall or, more likely, crustal uplifting because no upward-shallowing or regressive facies remains between the two successions. Early Miocene unconformities that are thought to be correlative with this unconformity in the northern Noto Peninsula occur in places along the Japan Sea coast of Sakhalin and Japan. They are likely to have been produced during rifting in response to upwelling of asthenospheric mantle, although more accurate age constraints are necessary to evaluate this idea.  相似文献   

Earth impact probability of the Asteroid (25143) Itokawa to be sampled by the spacecraft Hayabusa     

Patrick Michel  Makoto Yoshikawa 《Icarus》2005,179(2):291-296

The Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa is planed to reach the Asteroid Itokawa in September 2005, and to bring back some samples of its surface to Earth in 2007. We have studied the future possible evolution of this asteroid by integrating numerically over 100 Myr a set of 39 initially indistinguishable orbits (clones), obtained either by small variations of the nominal initial conditions, or by using different computers (introducing different round-off errors). The results indicate that an Earth impact of this 500-m-size asteroid is likely within a million years, which is only a factor of four larger than the average impact frequency of asteroids of this size. The mission Hayabusa may thus sample a good candidate for being among the next 500-m-size Earth impactors.  相似文献   

Geology of the Gorny Altai subduction–accretion complex, southern Siberia: Tectonic evolution of an Ediacaran–Cambrian intra-oceanic arc-trench system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tsutomu Ota  Atsushi Utsunomiya  Yuko Uchio  Yukio Isozaki  Mikhail M. Buslov  Akira Ishikawa  Shigenori Maruyama  Koki Kitajima  Yoshiyuki Kaneko  Hiroshi Yamamoto  Ikuo Katayama   《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2007,30(5-6):666-695

The Gorny Altai region in southern Siberia is one of the key areas in reconstructing the tectonic evolution of the western segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). This region features various orogenic elements of Late Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic age, such as an accretionary complex (AC), high-P/T metamorphic (HP) rocks, and ophiolite (OP), all formed by ancient subduction–accretion processes. This study investigated the detailed geology of the Upper Neoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic rocks in a traverse between Gorno-Altaisk city and Lake Teletskoy in the northern part of the region, and in the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun area in the southern part. The tectonic units of the studied areas consist of (1) the Ediacaran (=Vendian)–Early Cambrian AC, (2) ca. 630 Ma HP complex, (3) the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian OP complex, (4) the Cryogenian–Cambrian island arc complex, and (5) the Middle Paleozoic fore-arc sedimentary rocks. The AC consists mostly of paleo-atoll limestone and underlying oceanic island basalt with minor amount of chert and serpentinite. The basaltic lavas show petrochemistry similar to modern oceanic plateau basalt. The 630 Ma HP complex records a maximum peak metamorphism at 660 °C and 2.0 GPa that corresponds to 60 km-deep burial in a subduction zone, and exhumation at ca. 570 Ma. The Cryogenian island arc complex includes boninitic rocks that suggest an incipient stage of arc development. The Upper Neoproterozoic–Lower Paleozoic complexes in the Gorno-Altaisk city to Lake Teletskoy and the Kurai to Chagan-Uzun areas are totally involved in a subhorizontal piled-nappe structure, and overprinted by Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting. The HP complex occurs as a nappe tectonically sandwiched between the non- to weakly metamorphosed AC and the OP complex. These lithologic assemblages and geologic structure newly documented in the Gorny Altai region are essentially similar to those of the circum-Pacific (Miyashiro-type) orogenic belts, such as the Japan Islands in East Asia and the Cordillera in western North America. The Cryogenian boninite-bearing arc volcanism indicates that the initial stage of arc development occurred in a transient setting from a transform zone to an incipient subduction zone. The less abundant of terrigenous clastics from mature continental crust and thick deep-sea chert in the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian AC may suggest that the southern Gorny Altai region evolved in an intra-oceanic arc-trench setting like the modern Mariana arc, rather than along the continental arc of a major continental margin. Based on geological, petrochemical, and geochronological data, we synthesize the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic tectonic history of the Gorny Altai region in the western CAOB.  相似文献