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661.
662.
Jessica M. Bartlett Jon S. Dougherty-Page Nigel B. W. Harris Chris J. Hawkesworth M. Santosh 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(2-3):181-195
The technique of single zircon dating from the thermal evaporation of 207Pb/206Pb (Kober 1986, 1987) provides a means of dating successive periods of growth and nucleation of zircons in polymetamorphic
assemblages. In contrast Nd model ages may provide a measure of the period of crustal residency for the sample or its protolith.
These two techniques have been combined to elucidate the tectonic history of the Proterozoic mobile belt of southern India,
exposed south of the Palghat-Cauvery Shear Zone that marks the southern boundary of the Archaean craton of Karnataka. The
two main tectonic units of this mobile belt comprise the Madurai and Trivandrum Blocks, both of which are characterised by
massive charnockite uplands and low-lying polymetamorphic metasedimentary belts that have undergone a complex tectonic history
throughout the Proterozoic. Evidence for early Palaeoproterozoic magmatism is restricted to the Madurai Block where single
zircon evaporation ages from a metagranite (2436 ± 4 Ma) are similar to model Nd ages from a range of lithologies suggesting
crustal growth at that time. The Trivandrum Block, to the south of the Achankovil shear zone, is comprised of the Kerala Khondalite
Belt, the Nagercoil charnockites and the Achankovil metasediments. Single zircon evaporation ages, together with conventional
zircon and garnet chronometry, suggest that all three units underwent upper-amphibolite facies metamorphism at ∼1800 Ma, an
event unrecorded in the metagranite from the Madurai Block. This implies that the Madurai and Trivandrum blocks represent
distinct terrains throughout the Palaeoproterozoic. Model Nd ages from the Achankovil metasediments are much younger (1500–1200
Ma) than those from the adjacent Kerala Khondalite Belt and Madurai Blocks (3000–2100 Ma), but there is no evidence for zircon
growth in these metasediments during the Mesoproterozoic. Hence the comparatively young model Nd ages of the metasediments
are indicative of a mixed provenance rather than a discrete period of crustal growth. Zircon overgrowths from the Madurai
Block (547 ± 17 Ma) and Achankovil metasediments (530 ± 21 Ma) suggest that all tectonic units of the Proterozoic mobile belt
of South India shared the same metamorphic history from the early Palaeozoic. This event has been recognised in the basement
lithologies of Sri Lanka and East Antarctica, confirming that the constituent terrains of East Gondwana had assembled by this
time.
Received: 10 October 1995 / Accepted: 27 October 1997 相似文献
663.
We present evidence for a thick (∼100 km) sequence of cogenetic rocks which make up the root of the Sierra Nevada batholith
of California. The Sierran magmatism produced tonalitic and granodioritic magmas which reside in the Sierra Nevada upper-
to mid-crust, as well as deep eclogite facies crust/upper mantle mafic–ultramafic cumulates. Samples of the mafic–ultramafic
sequence are preserved as xenoliths in Miocene volcanic rocks which erupted through the central part of the batholith. We
have performed Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd mineral geochronologic analyses on seven fresh, cumulate textured, olivine-free mafic–ultramafic
xenoliths with large grainsize, one garnet peridotite, and one high pressure metasedimentary rock. The garnet peridotite,
which equilibrated at ∼130 km beneath the batholith, yields a Miocene (10 Ma) Nd age, indicating that in this sample, the
Nd isotopes were maintained in equilibrium up to the time of entrainment. All other samples equilibrated between ∼35 and 100
km beneath the batholith and yield Sm-Nd mineral ages between 80 and 120 Ma, broadly coincident with the previously established
period of most voluminous batholithic magmatism in the Sierra Nevada. The Rb-Sr ages are generally consistent with the Sm-Nd
ages, but are more scattered. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd intercepts of the igneous-textured xenoliths are similar to the ratios published for rocks outcroping in the central Sierra
Nevada. We interpret the mafic/ultramafic xenoliths to be magmatically related to the upper- and mid-crustal granitoids as
cumulates and/or restites. This more complete view of the vertical dimension in a batholith indicates that there is a large
mass of mafic–ultramafic rocks at depth which complement the granitic batholiths, as predicted by mass balance calculations
and experimental studies. The Sierran magmatism was a large scale process responsible for segregating a column of ∼30 km thick
granitoids from at least ∼70 km of mainly olivine free mafic–ultramafic residues/cumulates. These rocks have resided under
the batholith as granulite and eclogite facies rocks for at least 70 million years. The presence of this thick mafic–ultramafic
keel also calls into question the existence of a “flat” (i.e., shallowly subducted) slab at Central California latitudes during
Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic, in contrast to the southernmost Sierra Nevada and Mojave regions.
Received: 27 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 June 1998 相似文献
664.
混合岩中浅色体的有限迁移及其对变形分解的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
熔体在地壳和地幔中怎样迁移及其动力学是地质学中的一个重要问题。作为地壳深融作用的产物 ,混合岩中的浅色体提供了一个极好的机会来探讨影响地壳熔体在中下地壳迁移的因素。为此 ,我们对美国加州南 Sierra Nevada岩基中典型的混合岩、变泥质岩及邻近的花岗闪长岩进行了详细的主要元素地球化学和野外构造变形分析 ,同时应用流体动力学理论估算了在中下地壳条件下 ,典型浅色体的迁移距离。南 Sierra Nevada岩基中的混合岩中的浅色体厚度为 1mm至 1cm。在部分熔融程度较高的区域 (>10 % ) ,浅色体相互连接而成网结状构造 ,应变的承载方式主要以 IWL(Interconnected Weak L ayers)形式进行 ,即熔融体表现为弱相而承载大部分的应变。相反地 ,在部分熔融程度较低的区域 (<5 % ) ,浅色体孤立地出现 ,应变的承载方式主要以 L BF(L oad- Bearing Frame-work)形式进行 ,即应变主要由非熔融体的基质来承担。这表明在混合岩形成过程中 ,熔体的出现强烈地制约着应变分解作用。应用 Shaw的岩石粘度模型 ,我们根据浅色体的主要元素地球化学成分计算了浅色体在熔融状态下的粘度。根据流体动力学原理 ,估算了浅色体在不同条件下的迁移距离。计算结果表明 :1和典型花岗岩相比 ,浅色体具有较高的粘度 ,为 10 9~ 10 1 2 相似文献
665.
Jason D. Mann David W. Leverington John Rayburn James T. Teller 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,22(1):71-80
During the last retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America, many proglacial lakes formed as continental drainage was impounded against the southern and western ice margin. Lake Agassiz was the largest of these lakes. The bathymetry of Lake Agassiz at the Herman and Upper Campbell beach levels – formed at about 11.5–11.0 ka and 9.9–9.5 ka, respectively – was computer modelled in this study by first collecting data for the isostatically-deformed paleowater planes of the two lake levels (derived from isobase lines constructed from beach elevations), and then subtracting these from the modern topography of the former lake floor. Pixels with dimensions of 1/30 × 1/30 of a degree were used in the model. Using these data, the area and volume of the lake were also calculated: at the Herman level these were 152 500 km2 and 13 100 km3 respectively; at the Upper Campbell level these were 350 400 km2 and 38 700 km3. Contour maps showing the paleobathymetry of both periods in the lake's history were also constructed. Determining the paleobathymetry and volume of Lake Agassiz is an important step in understanding the impact that the lake had on its surrounding environment and on the rivers, lakes, and oceans into which it flowed. 相似文献
666.
667.
Rebecca Bartlett Simon H. Bottrell Karen Sinclair Steve Thornton Ian D. Fielding Dave Hatfield 《水文研究》2010,24(6):726-735
Depth profiles of solute chemistry and sulfate isotopic compositions are presented for groundwater and pore water in a sequence of Quaternary glacial outwash sediments. Sand units show evidence for hydraulic connection to the surface and thus modern sources of solutes. Finer‐grained sediments show a general pattern of increasing solute concentrations with depth, with sulfate derived from ancient rainwater and pyrite oxidation in the soil/drift. In these sediments sulfate has undergone bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) to produce biogenic sulfide. In clay sediments, with d10 ≤ 1·6 µm, high concentrations of sulfate and acetate now co‐exist, implying that BSR is inhibited. The correlation with smaller sediment grain size indicates that this is due to pore size exclusion of the sulfate reducing bacteria. Mechanical restriction of microbial function thus provides a fundamental limitation on microbial respiration in buried clay‐rich sediments, which acts as a control on the chemical evolution of their pore waters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
668.
We reconstructed a chronology of glaciation spanning from the Late Pleistocene through the late Holocene for Fish Lake valley in the north‐eastern Alaska Range using 10Be surface exposure dating and lichenometry. After it attained its maximum late Wisconsin extent, the Fish Lake valley glacier began to retreat ca. 16.5 ka, and then experienced a readvance or standstill at 11.6 ± 0.3 ka. Evidence of the earliest Holocene glacial activity in the valley is a moraine immediately in front of Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines and is dated to 3.3–3.0 ka. A subsequent advance culminated at ca. AD 610–900 and several LIA moraine crests date to AD 1290, 1640, 1860 and 1910. Our results indicate that 10Be dating from high‐elevation sites can be used to help constrain late Holocene glacial histories in Alaska, even when other dating techniques are unavailable. Close agreement between 10Be and lichenometric ages reveal that 10Be ages on late Holocene moraines may be as accurate as other dating methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
669.
Modified treatment of intercepted snow improves the simulated forest albedo in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme
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The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) was modified to correct an underestimation of the winter albedo in evergreen needleleaf forests. Default values for the visible and near‐infrared albedo of a canopy with intercepted snow, αVIS,cs and αNIR,cs, respectively, were too small, and the fraction of the canopy covered with snow, fsnow, increased too slowly with interception, producing a damped albedo response. A new model for fsnow is based on zI*, the effective depth of newly intercepted snow required to increase the canopy albedo to its maximum, which corresponds in the model with fsnow = 1. Snow unloading rates were extracted from visual assessments of photographs and modelled based on relationships with meteorological variables, replacing the time‐based method employed in CLASS. These parameterizations were tested in CLASS version 3.6 at boreal black spruce and jack pine forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, a subalpine Norway spruce and silver fir forest at Alptal, Switzerland, and a boreal maritime forest at Hitsujigaoka, Japan. Model configurations were assessed based on the index of agreement, d, relating simulated and observed daily albedo. The new model employs αVIS,cs = 0.27, αNIR,cs = 0.38 and zI* = 3 cm. The best single‐variable snow unloading algorithm, determined by the average cross‐site d, was based on wind speed. Two model configurations employing ensemble averages of the unloading rate as a function of total incoming radiation and wind speed, and air temperature and wind speed, respectively, produced larger minimum cross‐site d values but a smaller average. The default configuration of CLASS 3.6 produced a cross‐site average d from October to April of 0.58. The best model employing a single parameter (wind speed at the canopy top) for modelling the unloading rate produced an average d of 0.86, while the two‐parameter ensemble‐average unloading models produced a minimum d of 0.81 and an average d of 0.84. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
670.
Using the precision of the mean to estimate suitable sample sizes for monitoring total phosphorus in Australian catchments
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The effect of the sample size on prediction quality is well understood. Recently, studies have assessed this relationship using near‐continuous water quality samples. However, this is rarely possible because of financial constraints, and therefore, many studies have relied on simulation‐based methods utilizing more affordable surrogates. A limitation of simulation‐based methods is the requirement of a good relationship, which is often not present. Therefore, catchment managers require a direct method to estimate the effect of sample size on the mean using historical water quality data. One measure of prediction quality is the precision with which a mean is estimated; this is the focus of this work. By characterizing the effect of sample size on the precision of the mean, it is possible for catchment managers to adjust the sample size in relation to both the cost and the precision. Historical data are often sparse and generally collected using several different sampling schemes, all without inclusion probabilities. This means that an approach is needed to obtain unbiased estimates of the variance of the mean using a model‐based approach. With the use of total phosphorus data from 17 sub‐catchments in southeastern Australia, the ability of a model‐based approach to estimate the effect of sample size on the precision of event and base‐flow mean concentrations. The results showed that for estimating annual base‐flow mean concentration, little gain in precision was achieved above 12 observations per year. Sample sizes greater than 12 samples per event improved event‐based estimates; however, the inclusion of more than 12 samples per event did not greatly reduce the event mean concentration uncertainties. The precision of the base‐flow estimates was most correlated to percentage urban cover, whereas the precision of the event mean estimates was most correlated with catchment size. The method proposed in this work could be readily applied to other water quality variables and other monitoring sites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献