The spatial dynamics of atmospheric pollution in Latvia and the Baltic Republics,as measured in mosses,topsoil and precipitation     

Olgérts Nikodēmus  Guntis Brūmelis 《GeoJournal》1994,33(1):71-80

Atmospheric pollution in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania has been mapped using measurements of pollutant concentrations in mosses, topsoil and precipitation. Air masses from western Europe deposit industrial pollutants in the Baltic region and concentrations depend on meteorological conditions. Superimposed on this background is the pattern of deposits from local sources. Large areas receive neutral to basic precipitation due to cement industries and fly ash emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The burning of oil-shale in NE Estonia results in precipitation with pH values over 7.0, and high concentrations of V, Fe, and Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in the topsoil around large cities indicate ecologically unsound city planning and insufficient control of pollutants. The Chernobyl effect in the form of radioactive deposition depended on rainfall events during the accident.  相似文献   

A new look on Imperial Porphyry: a famous ancient dimension stone from the Eastern Desert of Egypt—petrogenesis and cultural relevance     

Abu El-Enen  Mahrous M.  Lorenz  Joachim  Ali  Kamal A.  von Seckendorff  Volker  Okrusch  Martin  Schüssler  Ulrich  Brätz  Helene  Schmitt  Ralf-Thomas 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2018,107(7):2393-2408

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Imperial Porphyry, a famous dimension stone of spectacular purple color, was quarried in the Mons Porphyrites area north of Jabal Dokhan in the Eastern...  相似文献   

The Formation of Continental Crust from a Physics Perspective     

Claude Jaupart  Jean-Claude Mareschal  Alberto Roman 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(13):1289-1321

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Pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera grazing on natural plankton in Ahe atoll lagoon (Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fournier J  Dupuy C  Bouvy M  Couraudon-Réale M  Charpy L  Pouvreau S  Le Moullac G  Le Pennec M  Cochard JC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,65(10-12):490-499

In atoll lagoons of French Polynesia, growth and reproduction of pearl oysters are mainly driven by plankton concentration. However, the actual diet of black-lip pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera in these lagoons is poorly known. To fill this gap, we used the flow through chamber method to measure clearance rates of P. margaritifera in Ahe atoll lagoon (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). We found: (i) that pearl oysters cleared plankton at a rate that was positively related to plankton biovolume, (ii) that nanoflagellates were the main source of carbon for the pearl oysters, and (iii) that the quantity and origin of carbon filtrated by pearl oysters was highly dependent on the concentration and composition of plankton. These results provide essential elements for the comprehension of growth and reproduction variability of pearl oysters in atoll lagoons of French Polynesia.  相似文献   

Towards an impact assessment of bauxite red mud waste on the knowledge of the structure and functions of bathyal ecosystems: The example of the Cassidaigne canyon (north-western Mediterranean Sea)     

Jean-Claude Dauvin 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(2):197-206

Since 1967, the alumina plants in the Marseilles area (Barasse and Gardanne) have been discharging the mineral residue (i.e., red mud) resulting from the alkaline processing of bauxite into the submarine Cassidaigne canyon (north-western Mediterranean Sea) through pipes situated at 320-330 m in depth. The Barasse pipe stopped being used in 1988. From 1987 to 1996, many decrees and regulations were promulgated by the French State to rule the conditions under which the Gardanne alumina refinery was authorized to dispose of the bauxite residue in the sea. The refinery was required: (i) to study the hydrodynamic circulation in the Cassidaigne canyon to evaluate the potential dispersion and transport of fine elements discharged into the water mass and their impact on the pelagic ecosystem; (ii) to survey the marine environment every five years to control the expansion and thickness of the red mud deposit and compare the evolution of the benthic macrofauna at representative sampling sites in the environment affected by the red mud discharge with that of reference sites outside of the red mud plume; (iii) to study the effect of the discharge on fishing activities; and (iv) to investigate the toxicity of the red mud, particularly its persistence, accumulation, interaction and effect on the marine ecosystem, paying special attention to the bio-accumulation of chromium and vanadium. A Scientific Committee was created to insure an independent evaluation of the studies promised by the manufacturer in response to the State’s regulations. Since the beginning of the 1960s, data have been accumulating on the structure and long-term functioning of the Cassidaigne bathyal ecosystem. This paper presents the collaborative efforts of the State-Manufacturer-Committee triplet and summarizes the main results obtained during the last period’s sea campaigns (1991-2007). This paper also illustrates how national regulations concerning manufacturers, such as Gardanne alumina refinery, have provided new knowledge about the structure and functioning of a bathyal ecosystem in the Cassidaigne canyon in the north-western Mediterranean Sea.  相似文献   

Ecological Quality Status of the soft-bottom communities on the algerian coast: General patterns and diagnosis     

Samir Grimes  Jean-Claude Dauvin  Zitouni Boutiba 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(11):1969-1977

Between 1995 and 2001, the soft-bottom communities along the 1180 km of the Algerian coast were sampled in nine gulfs and 12 harbours, providing a total of 655 samples. Eight macrozoobenthos-based biotic indices (S, N, H′, BQI, AMBI, BENTIX, BO2A and ITI) were selected to describe the general patterns of the coastal water quality status and to establish a quality diagnosis for the different zones subjected to anthropogenic pressure (e.g., harbour construction, industrial and urban pollution). Reference values were determined for each of the eight indices selected by analyzing the indices’ parameter distribution. The Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR) was estimated for each index, resulting in an EQR Mean Score and an EQR Bad Score. From these EQR, we defined an EQS for each sample. The agreement between these EQS was analysed using the Kappa method in order to propose a survey strategy for the Algerian coastal waters that would take into account the soft-bottom biological compartment. The results clearly indicate that high and good quality assessments are prevalent in the gulfs, while quality assessments in harbours vary greatly from bad to good. The effect of pollution observed in the harbours can be classified in two main groups, according to when they were constructed and their relative degree of openness to the sea, which permits better water circulation and probably dilutes the pollution.  相似文献   

Urban hazards and risks; consequences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: an introduction   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jean-Claude Thouret 《GeoJournal》1999,49(2):131-135

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Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Fluctuations in Selected Parts of Europe During the Sixteenth Century   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Rüdiger Glaser  Rudolf Brázdil  Christian Pfister  Petr Dobrovolný  Mariano Barriendos Vallvé  Anita Bokwa  Dario Camuffo  Oldrich Kotyza  Danuta Limanówka  Lajos Rácz  Fernando S. Rodrigo 《Climatic change》1999,43(1):169-200

The article in hand presents a comparative analysis of unweighted thermic and hygric index series of different European regions (northern Switzerland, Germany, the Czech Republic, northern Italy, ancient Hungary, Poland and Spain). Besides methodological aspects about the formation of indices, especially the progress as well as the question of similarity development of these series in the 16th century are discussed and shown on the balance sheet. It becomes evident that with respect to the temperature on the level of unweighted indices the European regions of Germany, the Czech Republic and Switzerland are very similar during all seasons. In winter and summer these correlations are especially evident, during the transitional seasons they are smaller. Larger differences exist between the central European core region and the adjacent areas of research. In principle, the hygric differences are larger than the thermic ones.In the course of the sixteenth century marked cooling phases occurred during all seasons with increasing accentuation. These phases were typical for the climate of the Little Ice Age. In addition to this long-term analysis, some outstanding years of extreme weather like those of 1540, 1573 and 1587 are presented, in the course of which questions of climatic impact are included. Finally, recent instrumental data was used to conduct an analysis that compared the similarities between the respective regions and the similarities between the empirical data and indices. On the one hand, this confirmed the spatial pattern, on the other hand the usability of the indices.  相似文献   

Erratum     

R. Möller  J.-U. Grooß  D. S. McKenna  P. J. Crutzen  C. Bröhl  J. M. Russell III  L. L. Gordley  J. P. Burrows  A. F. Tuck 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(3):437-437

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Structure and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> budget of Merapi volcano during inter-eruptive periods   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jean-Paul Toutain  Jean-Claude Baubron  Patrick Richon  Surono  Sri Sumarti  Anthony Nonell 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(7):815-826

Soil temperature and gas (CO₂ concentration and flux) have been investigated at Merapi volcano (Indonesia) during two inter-eruptive periods (2002 and 2007). Precise imaging of the summit crater and the spatial pattern of diffuse degassing along a gas traverse on the southern slope are interpreted in terms of summit structure and major caldera organization. The summit area is characterized by decreasing CO₂ concentrations with distance from the 1932 crater rim, down to atmospheric levels at the base of the terminal cone. Similar patterns are measured on any transect down the slopes of the cone. The spatial distribution of soil gas anomalies suggests that soil degassing is controlled by structures identified as concentric historical caldera rims (1932, 1872, and 1768), which have undergone severe hydrothermal self-sealing processes that dramatically lower the permeability and porosity of soils. Temperature and CO₂ flux measurements in soils near the dome display heterogeneous distributions which are consistent with a fracture network identified by previous geophysical studies. These data support the idea that the summit is made of isolated and mobile blocks, whose boundaries are either sealed by depositional processes or used as pathways for significant soil degassing. Within this context, self-sealing both prevents long-distance soil degassing and controls heat and volatile transfers near the dome. A rough estimate of the CO₂ output through soils near the dome is 200–230 t day⁻¹, i.e. 50% of the estimated total gas output from the volcano summit during these quiescent periods. On Merapi’s southern slope, a 2,500 m long CO₂ traverse shows low-amplitude anomalies that fit well with a recently observed electromagnetic anomaly, consistent with a faulted structure related to an ancient avalanche caldera rim. Sub-surface soil permeability is the key parameter that controls the transfer of heat and volatiles within the volcano, allowing its major tectonic architecture to be revealed by soil gas and soil temperature surveys.  相似文献