Intercomparison of sediment sampling techniques by means of radionuclide and heavy metal analysis     

Dr. Hartmut Nies  Dr. Horst Albrecht  Volker Rechenberg  Ingo Goroncy  Dr. Henning Dahlgaard  Dietmar Weiß  Prof. Dr. Lutz Brügmann 《Ocean Dynamics》1990,43(1):27-53

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Scenarios of possible changes in atmospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations due to man's activities,estimated with a one-dimensional coupled photochemical climate model   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Christoph Brühl  Paul J Crutzen 《Climate Dynamics》1988,2(3):173-203

A one-dimensional coupled climate and chemistry model has been developed to estimate past and possible future changes in atmospheric temperatures and chemical composition due to human activities. The model takes into account heat flux into the oceans and uses a new tropospheric temperature lapse rate formulation. As found in other studies, we estimate that the combined greenhouse effect of CH₄, O₃, CF₂Cl₂, CFCl₃ and N₂O in the future will be about as large as that of CO₂. Our model calculates an increase in average global surface temperatures by about 0.6°C since the start of the industrial era and predicts for A.D. 2050 a twice as large additional rise. Substantial depletions of ozone in the upper stratosphere by between 25% and 55% are calculated, depending on scenario. Accompanying temperature changes are between 15°C and 25°C. Bromine compounds are found to be important, if no rigid international regulations on CFC emissions are effective. Our model may, however, concivably underestimate possible effects of CFCl₃, CF₂Cl₂, C₂F₃Cl₃ and other CFC and organic bromine emissions on lower stratospheric ozone, because it can not simulate the rapid breakdown of ozone which is now being observed worldwide. An uncertainty study regarding the photochemistry of stratospheric ozone, especially in the region below about 25 km, is included. We propose a reaction, involving excited molecular oxygen formation from ozone photolysis, as a possible solution to the problem of ozone concentrations calculated to be too low above 45 km. We also estimate that tropospheric ozone concentrations have grown strongly in the northern hemisphere since pre-industrial times and that further large increases may take place, especially if global emissions of NO_x from fossil fuel and biomass burning were to continue to increase. Growing NO_x emissions from aircraft may play an important role in ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere and low stratosphere.  相似文献   

Defects and hydrolytic weakening in α-berlinite AlPO4 a structural analog of quartz     

Bruno Boulogne  Patrick Cordier  Jean-Claude Doukhan 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1988,16(3):250-261

Berlinite, AlPO₄, is a structural analog of quartz and a number of physical properties are very similar in both materials. It is thus interesting to compare their mechanical properties and investigate the possible role of water. Constant strain rate tests on wet synthetic crystals have been performed at room temperature and at 600 MPa confining pressure. They indicate that \((000){1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}} \right. \kern-0em} 3}\langle 11\bar 20\rangle \) is the easy glide system. Detailled investigation of the crystal structure shows that the corresponding a dislocations can glide in such a way that only the weaker Al—O bonds are broken. This explains why this glide system is much more easily activated in berlinite than in quartz. Deformation experiments at higher temperature and at atmospheric pressure clearly show a thermally activated regime. However the actually available crystals are so rich in water that above 300° C the dislocation structure resulting from deformation is completely hidden by water precipitation and coarsening of the as-grown fluid inclusions. Like for wet quartz this later phenomenon generates numerous bubbles and sessile dislocation loops.  相似文献   

Aus der Einleitung zu einer geologischen Spezialarbeit     

Waldemar C. Brögger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1940,31(3-4):302-304

Ohne ZusammenfassungAbgedruckt aus: Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes II. Die Eruptionsfolge der triadischen Eruptivgesteine bei Predazzo in Südtyrol. Videnskabsselskabets Skrifter I. Math.-naturv. Kl. Nr. 7, S. 1–3. Kristiania 1895.  相似文献   

Foreword     

Jean-Claude Petit 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(6):929-930

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Flocculation Potential of Estuarine Particles: The Importance of Environmental Factors and of the Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Suspended Particulate Matter     

Romaric Verney  Robert Lafite  Jean-Claude Brun-Cottan 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):678-693

Estuarine systems are complex environments where seasonal and spatial variations occur in concentrations of suspended particulate matter, in primary constituents, and in organic matter content. This study investigated in the laboratory the flocculation potential of estuarine-suspended particulate matter throughout the year in order to better identify the controlling factors and their hierarchy. Kinetic experiments were performed in the lab with a “video in lab” device, based on a jar test technique, using suspended sediments sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period at three stations in the Seine estuary (France). These sampling stations are representative of (1) the upper estuary, dominated by freshwater, and (2) the middle estuary, characterized by a strong salinity gradient and the presence of an estuarine turbidity maximum. Experiments were performed at a constant low turbulent shear stress characteristic of slack water periods (i.e., a Kolmogorov microscale >1,000 μm). Flocculation processes were estimated using three parameters: flocculation efficiency, flocculation speed, and flocculation time. Results showed that the flocculation that occurred at the three stations was mainly influenced by the concentration of the suspended particulate matter: maximum floc size was observed for concentrations above 0.1 g l⁻¹ while no flocculation was observed for concentrations below 0.004 g l⁻¹. Diatom blooms strongly enhanced flocculation speed and, to a lesser extent, flocculation efficiency. During this period, the maximum flocculation speed of 6 μm min⁻¹ corresponded to a flocculation time of less than 20 min. Salinity did not appear to automatically enhance flocculation, which depended on the constituents of suspended sediments and on the content and concentration of organic matter. Examination of the variability of 2D fractal dimension during flocculation experiments revealed restructuring of flocs during aggregation. This was observed as a rapid decrease in the floc fractal dimension from 2 to 1.4 during the first minutes of the flocculation stage, followed by a slight increase up to 1.8. Deflocculation experiments enabled determination of the influence of turbulent structures on flocculation processes and confirmed that turbulent intensity is one of the main determining factors of maximum floc size.  相似文献   

Undrained behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced sandy soil under monotonic loading     

Wiam Khebizi  Sidali Denine  Jean Canou  Jean-Claude Dupla 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2019,14(1):30-40

Soil improvement using fibres is widely used in soil stabilisation to prevent sand liquefaction. In order to study the undrained behaviour and liquefaction resistance of sand reinforced with polypropylene fibres, a series of triaxial compressive tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced Chlef sand with different contents of polypropylene fibres (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8%). Samples were prepared at 30% and 80% relative densities representing loose and dense states respectively, and triaxial tests were performed at confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Tests results show that fibre inclusion has a significant effect on the shear strength and dilation of sandy soil. The increase in strength is function of fibre content, relative density and confining pressure. The maximum strength improvement for both loose and dense fibre-reinforced sand is more pronounced at higher confining pressure and at higher fibre content.  相似文献   

The effects of Phaeocystis globosa bloom on the dynamics of the mineralization processes in intertidal permeable sediment in the Eastern English Channel (Wimereux, France)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Rauch M  Denis L  Dauvin JC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(7):1284-1293

In the Eastern part of the English Channel, high biomasses of the phytoplankton prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystisglobosa (reaching biomasses over 20 microg Chlal(-1)) are a recurrent spring event (March-June). A significant part of the pelagic Phaeocystis-derived organic matter can be broken down in the sandy permeable sediment that makes up most of the intertidal zone in this part of the Channel. Sediment characteristics, macrofaunal distribution, bacterial biomass, organic carbon content, sediment oxygen demand (SOD), and the sediment-water flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and silicates were calculated for an exposed sandy beach (Wimereux, France) over a two-year period (2004-2006). According to the data collected, the SOD remains relatively low throughout the whole survey (64-306 micromol m(-2)h(-1)), indicating limited mineralization. However, the same data reveals a temporal variability in the flux, with a sharp increase in the SOD and ammonium released in spring when Phaeocystis-derived phytodetritus was deposited. The organic carbon content and bacterial biomass values indicate similar patterns of increase in response to the phytodetritus deposit. The nitrogen cycle also appears to be modified during the Phaeocystis bloom, with a clear stimulation of nitrification. The influence of various factors (e.g., temperature, nutrient concentrations, and bacterial activity) on the temporal fluctuations of the exchanges is discussed, as are the direct effects of spring bloom. A synthesis of the annual cycle of the mineralization dynamics in this permeable sediment type is also presented.  相似文献   

Electric field enhancement in an auroral arc according to the simultaneous radar (EISCAT) and optical (ALIS) observations     

V. V. Safargaleev  T. I. Sergienko  A. E. Kozlovsky  I. Sandahl  U. Brändström  D. N. Shibaeva 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2009,49(3):353-367

The character of a change in the ionospheric electric field when several auroral arcs crossed the region of radar measurements has been analyzed. In one case the plasma conductivity and electric field normal component in an arc increased as compared to their undisturbed values. In another case the field and conductivity changed traditionally (in antiphase). Arcs with an increased field were previously classified as correlating arcs, but their existence was subsequently open to question during optical observations. The usage of the ALIS system of digital cameras made it possible to decrease the errors introduced by optical equipment. The measurements in the vicinity of correlating arcs were performed when these arcs were generated, and a traditional arc was a completed formation. In an originating arc, the field value can depend not only on the ionospheric plasma conductivity but also on the processes in the magnetospheric-ionospheric system resulting in the field enhancement.  相似文献   

Synthetic fluid inclusions. XV. TEM investigation of plastic flow associated with reequilibration of fluid inclusions in natural quartz   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Maxim O. Vityk  Robert J. Bodnar  Jean-Claude Doukhan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,139(3):285-297

The nature and abundance of dislocations in quartz surrounding fluid inclusions were studied to obtain a better understanding of processes associated with fluid inclusion reequilibration. Synthetic fluid inclusions containing 10 wt% NaCl aqueous solution were formed in three samples at 700 °C and 5 kbar. One of the samples was quenched along an isochore to serve as a reference sample. The other two samples were quenched along a P-T path that generated internal pressures in excess of the confining pressure. The two samples were held at the final reequilibration P-T conditions of 625 °C and 2 kbar for 30 and 180 days, respectively. Following the experiments, microstructures associated with fluid inclusions were examined with the TEM. Quartz in healed fractures in the reference sample that was quenched isochorically shows a moderate dislocation activity. Quartz adjacent to reequilibrated fluid inclusions in the other two samples, however, showed a marked increase in dislocation activity compared to the un-reequilibrated sample. Deformation of the inclusion walls occurred anisotropically by expansion of mobile dislocations in their slip systems. Dislocation expansion was controlled by glide in the rhombohedral planes {1 0 1 1} that was restricted to narrow zones (≤3 μm) in the immediate vicinity of the fluid inclusion walls outside of the healed fracture plane. These plastic zones were observed after both short term (30 days) and long term (180 days) experiments and are attributed to hydrolytic weakening of quartz around fluid inclusions owing to diffusion of water into the quartz matrix during the experiment. The close spatial association of submicroscopic water bubbles with dislocations, and the rarity of water bubbles in the reference sample, show clearly that in both the 30 and 180 day experiments reequilibration involves water loss from the fluid inclusions. Our results indicate that synthetic fluid inclusions in this study recover (chemically and volumetrically), even at relatively fast experimental loading rates, such that internal stresses never reach the point of brittle failure. The driving force for fluid inclusion deformation involves two related mechanisms: plastic deformation of hydrolytically weakened wet quartz in the healed fracture, and water leakage associated with preexisting and strain-induced dislocations. Received: 5 May 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 2000  相似文献