Geometry and structure of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament (SW Pacific)     

Bernard Pelletier  Jean-Marie Auzende 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(2-4):305-335

Swath bathymetric, sonar imagery and seismic reflection data collected during the SOPACMAPS cruise Leg 3 over segments of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament and adjacent areas provide new insights on the geometry and the stuctural evolution of this seismically inactive lineament. The Vitiaz Trench Lineament, although largely unknown, is one of the most important tectonic feature in the SW Pacific because it separates the Cretaceous crust of the Pacific Plate to the north from the Cenozoic lithosphere of the North Fiji and Lau Basins to the south. The lineament is considered to be the convergent plate boundary between the Pacific and Australian Plates during midde to late Tertiary time when the Vitiaz Arc was a continuous east-facing are from the Tonga to the Solomon Islands before the development of the North Fiji and Lau Basins. Progressive reversal and cessation of subduction from west to east in the Late Miocene-Lower Plioene have been also proposed. However, precise structures and age of initiation and cessation of deformation along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament are unknown.The lineament consists of the Vitiaz Trench and three discontinuous and elongated troughs (Alexa, Rotuma and Horne Troughs) which connect the Vitiaz Trench to the northern end of the Tonga Trench. Our survey of the Alexa and Rotuma Troughs reveals that the lineament is composed of a series of WNW-ESE and ENE-WSW trending segments in front of large volcanic massifs belonging to the Melanesian Border Plateau, a WNW trending volcanic belt of seamounts and ridges on Pacific crust. The Plateau and Pacific plate lying immediately north of the lineament have been affected by intense normal faulting, collapse, and volcanism as evidenced by a series of tilted blocks, grabens, horsts and ridges trending N 120° to N100° and N60°–70°. This tectonism includes several normal faulting episodes, the latest being very recent and possibly still active. The trend of the fault scarps and volcanic ridges parallels the different segments of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament, suggesting that tectonics and volcanism are related to crustal motion along the lineament.Although the superficial observed features are mainly extensional, they are interpreted as the result of shortening along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament. The fabric north of the lineament would result from subduction-induced normal faulting on the outer wall of the trench and the zig-zag geometry of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament might be due to collision of large volcanic edifices of the Melanesian Border Plateau with the trench, provoking trench segmentation along left-lateral ENE-WSW trending transform zones. The newly acquired bathymetric and seismic data suggest that crustal motion (tectonism associated with volcanism) continued up to recent times along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament and was active during the development of the North Fiji Basin.  相似文献   

Compressive tectonism along the eastern margin of Malaita Island (Solomon Islands)     

Jean-Marie Auzende  Loren Kroenke  J. -Y. Collot  Y. Lafoy  Bernard Pelletier 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(2-4):289-304

New bathymetric and geophysical data were collected in the region east of the island of Malaita during the SOPACMAPS II cruise of the French research vessel L'ATALANTE. This region, part of the Malaita Anticlinorium was interpreted as a piece of oceanic crust from the Ontong Java Plateau obducted over the old Solomon Islands arc during collision between the Pacific and Australian plates. It has been generally accepted that convergent motion between the Australia and Pacific plates since the Late Miocene was absorbed exclusively along the San Cristobal trench, southwest of the Solomon Islands Arc.Bathymetry, imagery, and geophysical data (magnetism, gravity, seismic) acquired during the SOPACMAPS II survey allow us to classify the successive parallel ridges mapped within the region as being recent volcanic, oceanic crust, or deformed sedimentary ridges.Seismic profiling provides evidence of successive compressive events along the Malaita margin caused by the relative motion between the Solomon Islands and the Pacific plate. The main phase of convergence probably occurred during Oligocene-early Miocene time, but some relative motion between the two domains are still being absorbed along the East Malaita boundary. The existence of active faulting in the sedimentary cover throughout the region and the present-day deformation of the outer sedimentary ridge is a good illustration of this phenomenon.  相似文献   

Release of cadmium in the Danube estuary: contribution of physical and chemical processes as determined by an experimental approach     

Garnier JM  Guieu C 《Marine environmental research》2003,55(1):5-25

The behavior of dissolved cadmium (Cd) in the Danube estuary was investigated through field sampling and mixing experiments using Danube River water and Black Sea water. The experiments were performed by mixing these two end-member waters in various proportions, with the addition of stable or radioactive Cd to the freshwater Danube end-member prior to the mixing. The release of Cd that resulted in maximum concentrations under field conditions was well simulated by mixing experiments. The experimental results were modeled assuming that the release of Cd was the sum of the contribution of physical effects resulting from dilution effects and the contribution of chemical effects resulting from dissolved Cd-complex formation (and isotopic exchange when concerned). In the absence of dissolved Cd-complexing ligands, the release of Cd due to the dilution of the particulate phase during mixing could explain part of the maximum concentrations observed in field conditions. Kinetic effects were established by comparing the theoretical and measured contribution of chemical effects resulting from dissolved Cd-complex formation. The non-equilibrium state observed during the mixing experiment suggested the presence of particulate labile Cd that was not easily mobilized. All these features supported the hypothesis that Cd released in estuaries is controlled both by the dilution of the particulate phase and by kinetic competitive complexation between particulate ligands (covering a large spectrum of nature and strength) and dissolved ligands.  相似文献   

Comparison of free-surface and rigid-lid finite element models of barotropic instabilities     

Laurent White  Jean-Marie Beckers  Eric Deleersnijder  Vincent Legat 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(2):86-103

The main goal of this work is to appraise the finite element method in the way it represents barotropic instabilities. To that end, three different formulations are employed. The free-surface formulation solves the primitive shallow-water equations and is of predominant use for ocean modeling. The vorticity–stream function and velocity–pressure formulations resort to the rigid-lid approximation and are presented because theoretical results are based on the same approximation. The growth rates for all three formulations are compared for hyperbolic tangent and piecewise linear shear flows. Structured and unstructured meshes are utilized. The investigation is also extended to time scales that allow for instability meanders to unfold, permitting the formation of eddies. We find that all three finite element formulations accurately represent barotropic instablities. In particular, convergence of growth rates toward theoretical ones is observed in all cases. It is also shown that the use of unstructured meshes allows for decreasing the computational cost while achieving greater accuracy. Overall, we find that the finite element method for free-surface models is effective at representing barotropic instabilities when it is combined with an appropriate advection scheme and, most importantly, adapted meshes.  相似文献   

Discovery of a double impact crater in Libya: the astrobleme of Arkenu     

Philippe Paillou  Ake Rosenqvist  Jean-Marie Malezieux  Bruno Reynard  Tom Farr  Essam Heggy 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(15):1059-1069

Using orbital imaging radar, we detected a double circular structure, located in the southeastern part of the Libyan Desert, which is partially hidden under sandy sediments. Fieldwork confirmed it to be an unknown double impact crater, each crater having a diameter of about 10 km, younger than 140 Ma. Sampling on the site enabled the observation of quantities of shatter cone structures and impact breccias containing planar fractures. To cite this article: P. Paillou et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).  相似文献   

Use of high water marks and eyewitness accounts to delineate flooded coastal areas: The case of Storm Johanna (10 March 2008) in Brittany,France     

Jean-Marie Cariolet 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2010,53(11):679-690

Mapping flooded coastal areas can be carried out using different methods and can promote a better understanding and management of coastal flood risks. The delineation of the coastal areas in western Brittany inundated during a storm that came through on 10 March 2008 was determined based on eyewitness accounts and physical marks noted in situ. Using this methodology, 25 sites were mapped, representing an overall flooded area of more than 30 ha. The delineation of the flooded areas was compared with the official French (PPR-SM) flood zones, revealing some discrepancies. Finally, two case studies illustrate how coastal flood mapping can be useful for validating hydrodynamic models.  相似文献   

Element partitioning between magnesium silicate perovskite and ferropericlase: New insights into bulk lower-mantle geochemistry     

Anne-Line Auzende  James Badro  Frederick J. Ryerson  Peter K. Weber  Stewart J. Fallon  Ahmed Addad  Julien Siebert  Guillaume Fiquet   《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,269(1-2):164-174

In this study, we investigated iron–magnesium exchange and transition-metal trace-element partitioning between magnesium silicate perovskite (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ and ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O synthetised under lower-mantle conditions (up to 115 GPa and 2200 K) in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Recovered samples were thinned to electron transparency by focused ion beam and characterized by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) and nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (nanoSIMS). Iron concentrations in both phases were obtained from X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements and nanoSIMS. Our results are the first to show that recently reported spin-state and phase transitions in the lower mantle directly affect the evolution of Fe–Mg exchange between both phases. Mg-perovskite becomes increasingly iron-depleted above 70–80 GPa possibly due to the high spin–low spin transition of iron in ferropericlase. Conversely, the perovskite to post-perovskite transition is accompanied by a strong iron enrichment of the silicate phase, ferropericlase remaining in the Fe-rich phase though. Nanoparticles of metallic iron were observed in the perovskite-bearing runs, suggesting the disproportionation of ferrous iron oxide, but were not observed when the post-perovskite phase was present. Implications on the oxidation state of the Earth and core segregation will be discussed. Transition trace-element (Ni, Mn) concentrations (determined with the nanoSIMS) show similar trends and could thus be used to trace the origin of diamonds generated at depth. This study provides new results likely to improve the geochemical and geophysical models of the Earth's deep interiors.  相似文献   

Spectra of accretion discs around white dwarfs     

Irit Idan  Jean-Pierre Lasota  Jean-Marie Hameury  Giora Shaviv 《New Astronomy Reviews》2008,51(10-12):759

We present the spectra of accretion discs around white dwarfs calculated with an improved and updated version of Shaviv and Wehrse [Shaviv, G., Wehrse, R., 1991. A&A 251, 117] model. The new version includes line opacities and convective energy transport and can be used to calculate the spectra of hot discs in bright systems (nova-like variables or dwarf novae in outburst) as well as the spectra of cold accretion discs in quiescent dwarf novae.  相似文献   

Estimating turbidity and total suspended matter in the Adour River plume (South Bay of Biscay) using MODIS 250-m imagery     

Caroline Petus  Guillem Chust  Francis Gohin  David Doxaran  Jean-Marie Froidefond  Yolanda Sagarminaga 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

The Basque coastal waters (South Bay of Biscay) are directly influenced by the Adour River freshwater plume. The Adour outflow leads to important variations of suspended matter concentrations and turbidity, which in turn may affect biological productivity and water quality. This study aims at both developing specific algorithms and testing the efficiency of atmospherically corrected MODIS-Aqua 250-m surface reflectance product (MYD09) to map total suspended matter concentrations and turbidity within the Adour coastal region. First, regional empirical algorithms based on in-situ data were tested to retrieve the concentration of total suspended matter and turbidity from the remote sensing reflectance. Then, the respective sensitivity of MODIS surface reflectance bands 1 and 2 for water quality application was investigated as well as the quality of atmospheric corrections. Finally, selected algorithms were applied to the MYD09 product. The resulting 250-m resolution maps were then compared to 1000-m maps produced by IFREMER and comparisons between satellite measurements and in-situ sampling points were performed. Results show that MODIS-Aqua band 1 (620–670 nm) is appropriate for predicting turbidity and total suspended matter concentrations using polynomial regression models, whilst band 2 is unadapted. Comparison between total suspended matter concentration 250-m resolution maps and mineral suspended matter 1000-m maps (generated by IFREMER) produced consistent results. A high correlation was obtained between turbidity measured in-situ and turbidity retrieved from MODIS-Aqua satellite data.  相似文献   

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of iridium in forsterite     

J. M.?GaiteEmail author  H.?Rager 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(10):628-630

Electron paramagnetic resonance of Ir²⁺ in forsterite is studied at Q-band frequency and room temperature. There are four equivalent spectra superimposed along the three crystallographic axes. The individual spectrum consists of four hyperfine lines of approximately equal intensity separated from each other by 42 G; one axis of the g tensor is near the c axis. Ir²⁺ is certainly substituted for Mg²⁺. Because of the fourfold degeneracy of the EPR spectrum, it may be suggested that iridium occurs at M₁. Taking into account that one eigenvector of the g tensor is nearly parallel to c, it seems also possible that the substitution takes place at the M₂ position. In this case, the lattice relaxation of the crystal structure around Ir²⁺ at M₂ must break the point symmetry m at M₂.  相似文献