A new snow parameterization for the Météo-France climate model     

H. Douville  J. -F. Royer  J. -F. Mahfouf 《Climate Dynamics》1995,12(1):37-52

Both observational and numerical studies demonstrate the sensitivity of the atmosphere to variations in the extent and mass of snow cover. There is therefore a need for simple but realistic snow parameterizations in forecast and climate models. A new snow hydrology scheme has recently been developed at Météo-France for use in the ARPEGE climate model and has been successfully tested against local field measurements in stand-alone experiments. This study describes the global validation of the parameterization in a 3-year integration for the present-day climate within the T42L30 version of ARPEGE. Results are compared with those from a control simulation and with available observed climatologies, in order to assess the impact of the new snow parameterization on the simulated surface climate. The seasonal cycle of the Northern Hemisphere snow cover is clearly improved when using the new scheme. The snow pack is still slightly overestimated in winter, but its poleward retreat is better reproduced during the melting season. As a consequence, the modified GCM performs well in simulating the springtime continental heating, which may play a strong role in the simulation of the Asian summer monsoon.  相似文献   

Speciation of Cr and V within BOF steel slag reused in road constructions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Perrine Chaurand  Jrme Rose  Jrmie Domas  Jean-Yves Bottero 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):10

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag is a residue from the basic oxygen converter in steel-making operations, which is partially reused as an aggregate for road constructions. It is essentially composed of calcium, silicon and iron but also contains potential toxic elements present as traces, like chromium (Cr, 2600 mg kg^− 1) and vanadium (V, 690 mg kg^− 1), which can be released. The linked results of chemical analysis, XRD and SEM-EDX enabled to identify the main mineral phases composing BOF slag and EDX micro-analyses indicated that V and Cr were associated to dicalciumferrite. A 47-days static leaching test at a laboratory scale with a controlled pH of 5 (pH_stat leaching test) showed that Cr was little released, while V was significantly released. Finally, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of 3 BOF slag samples were recorded (“raw”, leached 47 days at pH 5 and aged 2 years in a lysimeter). XANES spectra showed that Cr is present at octahedral coordination in the trivalent form, the less mobile and less toxic one, and that its speciation does not evolve during natural ageing and leaching at pH 5. They also indicated that V is predominantly present in the + 4 oxidation state and seems to become oxidized to the pentavalent form (the most toxic form) during natural ageing.  相似文献   

Changes in structural and functional diversity of nematode communities during a spring phytoplankton bloom in the southern North Sea     

Jan Vanaverbeke  Maaike Steyaert  Karline Soetaert  Vronique Rousseau  Dirk Van Gansbeke  Jean-Yves Parent  Magda Vincx 《Journal of Sea Research》2004,52(4):588

The response of nematode communities to the sedimentation of a spring phytoplankton bloom in a sandy, well-oxygenated sediment at a single station (station 330) in the Southern North Sea was investigated monthly from early March to July 1999. Both structural (nematode density, diversity, vertical distribution and community composition) and functional (feeding type distributions, number of species within feeding groups) characteristics showed considerable changes shortly after the arrival of fresh organic material at the sediment surface. The general increase in numerical densities and diversity was related to changes within the groups of selective deposit-feeding and epistrate-feeding nematodes. It is hypothesised that sedimentation and subsequent remineralisation of fresh organic matter during the spring phytoplankton bloom result in an increase of suitable food items (both living and dead). This, combined with the availability of oxygen, creates conditions in which many nematode species can co-exist.  相似文献   

Seafloor mapping in the West,Southwest and South Pacific: Foreword     

Jean-Marie Auzende  Jean-Yves Collot 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(2-4):119-121

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11 Ma以来努比亚相对南极洲的运动     

Jean-Yves Royer  徐明芝 《海洋地质前沿》2007,23(1):13-16

虽然非洲与南极洲之间的相对运动已经有很长的研究历史(如Le Pechon和Heirtzler,1968),但是只是最近才弄清了努比亚(西非)-南极洲和索马里(东非)-南极洲运动之间的区别.DeMets等(1988)认为西南印度洋海岭的数据不能说明努比亚-南极洲和索马里-南极洲运动;Jestin等(1994)证实了这个结果,认为努比亚-索马里边界与西南印度洋海岭呈相交状态.  相似文献   

Spatialization of the SNOWPACK snow model for the Canadian Arctic to assess Peary caribou winter grazing conditions     

F. Ouellet  A. Langlois  E. A. Blukacz-Richards  C. A. Johnson  A. Royer  E. Neave 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):143-158

Abstract

Peary caribou is the northernmost designatable unit for caribou species, and its population has declined by about 70% over the last three generations. The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada identified difficult grazing conditions through the snow cover as being the most significant factor contributing to this decline. This study focuses on a spatially explicit assessment tool using snow model simulations (Swiss SNOWPACK model driven in an off-line mode by spatialized meteorological forcing data generated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model) to characterize snow conditions for Peary caribou grazing in the Canadian Arctic. The life cycle of Peary caribou has been subdivided into three critical periods: summer foraging and fall breeding (July–October), winter foraging (November–March), and spring calving (April–June). Winter snow conditions are analyzed and snow simulations compared to Peary caribou island counts to identify a snow parameter that could potentially act as a proxy for grazing conditions and explain fluctuations in Peary caribou numbers. This analysis concludes that caribou counts are affected by simulated snow density values >300 kg m^?3. A software tool mapping possibly favorable and unfavorable grazing conditions based on snow is proposed at a regional scale across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Specific output examples are given to show the utility of the tool, mapping pixels with cumulative snow thickness above densities of 300 kg m^?3, where cumulative seasonal thicknesses >7000 cm are considered unfavorable.  相似文献   

Bimodal distribution of the solid products in a magmatic chamber: Modelling by fractional crystallization and coupling of the chemical exchanges with the differential melt/solid transport     

Morad Lakhssassi  Bernard Guy  Eric Touboul  Jean-Yves Cottin 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(9):701-709

Our aim is to explain the possible bimodality of the compositions of the magmatic rocks of the same province. In order to do so, we present a model for the crystallization of a magmatic chamber, coupling the three phenomena: solidification, sedimentation, chemical reactions between the solid and the liquid. These three phenomena make two independent dimensionless parameters appear: the ratios of the solidification rate to the transport velocity, and of the chemical kinetics to the transport velocity. The model is written for one independent chemical component. It is shown that, for certain values of the dimensionless parameters, the chemical composition of the chamber can present a bimodal distribution, starting from uniform initial conditions. This model shows that the coupling between three elementary phenomena is enough to explain the bimodality, or more generally the appearance of discontinuities of chemical compositions, without making any additional assumption.  相似文献   

Variability and change in the Canadian cryosphere   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

C. Derksen  S. L. Smith  M. Sharp  L. Brown  S. Howell  L. Copland  D. R. Mueller  Y. Gauthier  C. G. Fletcher  A. Tivy  M. Bernier  J. Bourgeois  R. Brown  C. R. Burn  C. Duguay  P. Kushner  A. Langlois  A. G. Lewkowicz  A. Royer  A. Walker 《Climatic change》2012,115(1):59-88

During the International Polar Year (IPY), comprehensive observational research programs were undertaken to increase our understanding of the Canadian polar cryosphere response to a changing climate. Cryospheric components considered were snow, permafrost, sea ice, freshwater ice, glaciers and ice shelves. Enhancement of conventional observing systems and retrieval algorithms for satellite measurements facilitated development of a snapshot of current cryospheric conditions, providing a baseline against which future change can be assessed. Key findings include: 1. surface air temperatures across the Canadian Arctic exhibit a warming trend in all seasons over the past 40?years. A consistent pan-cryospheric response to these warming temperatures is evident through the analysis of multi-decadal datasets; 2. in recent years (including the IPY period) a higher rate of change was observed compared to previous decades including warming permafrost, reduction in snow cover extent and duration, reduction in summer sea ice extent, increased mass loss from glaciers, and thinning and break-up of the remaining Canadian ice shelves. These changes illustrate both a reduction in the spatial extent and mass of the cryosphere and an increase in the temporal persistence of melt related parameters. The observed changes in the cryosphere have important implications for human activity including the close ties of northerners to the land, access to northern regions for natural resource development, and the integrity of northern infrastructure.  相似文献   

The influence of paleoclimatic events on the functioning of an alpine thermal system (France): the contribution of hydrodynamic–thermal modeling     

Stéphanie Gallino  Jean-Yves Josnin  Marc Dzikowski  Fabien Cornaton  Dominique Gasquet 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(8):1887-1900

Numerical models of the Aix-les-Bains thermal aquifer (France) were used to investigate the influence of Quaternary paleoclimatic events on the current thermal state of the groundwater. Initial numerical tests were successful in that present-day fluid flows (heads and flow rates) and the resulting velocities were compatible with residence time data. Water flowing through an aquifer cools the rock mass; therefore, the rate of water flow governs the outlets temperature. For the Aix-les-Bains aquifer, applying present-day flow rates to the entire history of the aquifer leads to much more substantial cooling of the rock mass than is indicated by the outlets temperature (i.e. present-day flow rates are 10 times too high). This suggests that the aquifer may have gone through alternating functioning phases, during which the rock mass cooled, and blocked phases, during which the aquifer reheated. Other results indicate that the main parameters affecting thermal behavior during a functioning phase are the total inflow volume, rather than individual inflow rates, and the initial heat field. As phenomena linked to glaciation can lead to the blocking of infiltration zones and aquifer outlets, the findings suggest that the hypothesis of intermittent aquifer functioning related to glaciations is compatible with the current thermal field.  相似文献   

Detecting stratigraphical issues using direct radiocarbon dating from small-mammal remains     

Juan Rofes  Sophie Cersoy  Antoine Zazzo  Aurelien Royer  Pierre-Yves Nicod  Veronique Laroulandie  Mathieu Langlais  Yvan Pailler  Celine Leandri  Franck Leandri  Matthieu Lebon  Anne Tresset 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(4):505-513

Frequently preserved in archaeological and palaeontological sites, the tiny size of small-mammal remains favours percolations into underlying layers along stratigraphic sequences. This is one of the various post-depositional processes that may affect the integrity of the original deposits and therefore the subsequent scientific interpretations. Recent developments in sample preparation offer the possibility of detecting intrusive episodes through the absolute dating of minute amounts of bone (down to 10 mg), meaning that isolated elements (such as mandibles in this case) are sufficient to obtain reliable radiocarbon dates if collagen is moderately to well preserved. The radiocarbon dates obtained here for small-mammal bones (recovered from pre-Bølling to recent deposits) and their comparison with previous dates obtained from other sources (large-mammal bones, charcoal, botanical samples, etc.), with different protocols and instruments, illustrate the potential of small-mammal dating to reveal (and eventually contribute a solution to) stratigraphical issues in different archaeological contexts.  相似文献