Geocoding crime and a first estimate of a minimum acceptable hit rate     

Jerry H. Ratcliffe 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):61-72

The Fuzzy Kappa statistic expresses the agreement between two categorical raster maps. The statistic goes beyond cell‐by‐cell comparison and gives partial credit to cells based on the categories found in the neighborhood. When matching categories are found at shorter distances the agreement is higher. Like the well‐established Kappa statistic the Fuzzy Kappa statistic expresses the mean agreement relative to the expected agreement. The model underlying the expected agreement assumes absence of spatial autocorrelation in both compared maps. In reality however, spatial autocorrelation does lower the expected agreement as matching categories become less likely to be found close‐by. Since most maps have some degree of spatial autocorrelation, the calculated expected agreement is generally higher than the true expected agreement. This leads to counterintuitive results when maps that appear to have considerable agreement obtain negative Fuzzy Kappa values. Furthermore, the Fuzzy Kappa may be biased, as it systematically attributes lower agreement to maps with stronger spatial autocorrelation. This paper proposes an improved Fuzzy Kappa statistic that is based on the same local agreement and has the same attractive properties as the original Fuzzy Kappa. The novelty is that the new statistic accounts for spatial autocorrelation, such that the expected Fuzzy Kappa for maps that are not cross‐correlated is equal to zero. The improved statistic is applied on two cases to demonstrate its properties.  相似文献   

EURD Data Provide Strong Evidence Against the Sciama Model of Radiative Decay of Massive Neutrinos     

Stuart Bowyer  Eric J. Korpela  Jerry Edelstein  Michael Lampton  Carmen Morales  Juan Pérez-Mercader  José F. Gómez  JoaquÍn Trapero 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(1):155-161

Data obtained with a high resolution, high sensitivity spectrometer flown on the Spanish MINISAT 01 satellite wereused to test the Sciama model of radiatively decaying massive neutrinos. The observed emission is far less intense than that expected in the Sciama model.  相似文献   

International Permafrost Association     

Dr. Jerry Brown Dr. Hanne H. Christiansen 《《幕》》2005,28(4):301-302

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EURD: The Mission and the Stellar Absolute Fluxes of B-Type Stars     

Carmen Morales  Joaquín Trapero  José F. Gómez  Verónica Orozco  Alvaro Gimenez  Stuart Bowyer  Jerry Edelstein  Eric Korpela  Michael Lampton  Jeff Cobb 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(1):141-150

We present here stellar spectra of B stars obtained with the EURD spectrograph, one of the three instruments on board MINISAT-01. EURD is a spectrograph specially designed to detect diffuse radiation in thewavelength range between 350 and 1100 Å with 5 Å spectral resolution. EURD main scientific targets are: the spectrum of interstellar medium,atmospheric airglow, decaying neutrinos, Moon and early type stars.  相似文献   

Projected SST trends across the Caribbean Sea based on PRECIS downscaling of ECHAM4, under the SRES A2 and B2 scenarios     

Leonard A. Nurse  John L. Charlery 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2016,123(1-2):199-215

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Probabilistic seismic hazard map of Papua New Guinea     

Hadi Ghasemi  Chris McKee  Mark Leonard  Phil Cummins  Mathew Moihoi  Spiliopoulos Spiro  Felix Taranu  Eric Buri 《Natural Hazards》2016,81(2):1003-1025

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Hydrological Modeling and Prehistoric Settlement on Santa Rosa Island,California, USA     

Christopher S. Jazwa  Christopher J. Duffy  Lorne Leonard  Douglas J. Kennett 《Geoarchaeology》2016,31(2):101-120

Fresh water availability was an important variable that influenced prehistoric human settlement on California's northern Channel Islands. Previous attempts to understand settlement on the islands use watershed size as a proxy for water at canyon mouths. In semi‐arid regions, this approach has limitations because streams may lose much or all of their flow to groundwater. We developed a distributed hydrological model for Santa Rosa Island that incorporates geospatial and temporal data for climate (precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, temperature), soils, vegetation, and topography to simulate the complex land‐surface‐groundwater behavior of island hydrology for hypothetical wet, dry, and median centuries. Our simulations show that water flow is greatest in drainages on the northwest and east coasts of the island. This correlates with some of the earliest and most persistent settlement on the island. During the most extreme droughts of the last 2000 years during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (1150–600 cal BP), island populations contracted to a small number of large coastal villages. We argue that this was related in part to the greater availability of surface water at these locations. This study expands the theoretical and methodological scope of past studies that have applied hydrological simulation to archaeological investigations.  相似文献   

Lateglacial to Holocene relative sea‐level changes in the Bjarkarlundur area near Reykhólar,North West Iceland     

Jerry M. Lloyd  Hreggviður Norðdahl  Michael J. Bentley  Anthony J. Newton  Owen Tucker  Yongqiang Zong 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(7):816-831

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The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley,Australia     

Sonia Leonard  Meg Parsons  Knut Olawsky  Frances Kofod 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(3):623-632

Indigenous peoples offer alternative knowledge about climate variability and change based on their own locally developed knowledges and practices of resource use. In this article we discuss the role of traditional ecological knowledge in monitoring and adapting to changing environmental conditions. Our case study documents a project to record the seasonal knowledge of the Miriwoong people in northern Australia. The study demonstrates how indigenous groups’ accumulate detailed baseline information about their environment to guide their resource use and management, and develop worldviews and cultural values associated with this knowledge. We highlight how traditional ecological knowledge plays a critical role in mediating indigenous individuals and communities’ understandings of environmental changes in the East Kimberley region of north-west Australia, and how these beliefs may influence future decision-making about how to go about adapting to climate change at a local level.  相似文献   

Radar measurement of small-scale surface texture: Syrtis major     

Richard A. Simpson  G.Leonard Tyler  John K. Harmon  Alan R. Peterfreund 《Icarus》1982,49(2):258-283

Recent radar observations of Syrtis Major have shown it to be smooth and relatively homogeneous when sensed at centimeter wavelengths λ. There is a gradual decrease in surface roughness east to west across the basin, which correlates with an apparent decrease in small (< 1 km diameter) crater density. Root mean square surface slopes σ range from more than 1.5–2.0° in the east to less than 0.5° along the western margin at λ = 12.6 cm. The surface appears somewhat rougher at λ = 3.6 cm; a σ ∝ λ^?0.3 dependence is inferred. Radar reflectivity increases from about 5% to about 12% across Syrtis Major, being greatest near the western margin. High-resolution (8 to 20 m/pixel) Viking images suggest that an increasing amount of resurfacing has occurred in western Syrtis Major compared with the eastern parts. The radar, infrared, and optical imaing evidence are consistent with resurfacing by geologically recent, low-viscosity lavas which were subsequently mantled by thin layers of aeolian material. Each data set may be taken as a unique source of scale-dependent information on surface materials and properties. From comparison of radar-derived surface roughness with image-derived crater density curves we conclude that processes other than cratering control the surface texture on 0.03- to 100-m surface scales.  相似文献