Origin of the Pegmatitic Pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

CAWTHORN  R. GRANT; BOERST  KEVIN 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(8):1509-1530

The genesis of the pegmatitic pyroxenite that often forms thebase of the Merensky Unit in the Bushveld Complex is re-examined.Large (>1 cm) orthopyroxene grains contain tricuspidate inclusionsof plagioclase, and chains and rings of chromite grains, whichare interpreted to have grown by reaction between small, primaryorthopyroxene grains and superheated liquid. This superheatedliquid may have been an added magma or be due to a pressurereduction as a result of lateral expansion of the chamber. Therewould then have been a period of non-accumulation of grains,permitting prolonged interaction with the crystal mush at thecrystal–liquid interface. Crystal ageing and grain enlargementof original orthopyroxene grains would ensue. Only after thepegmatitic pyroxenite had developed did another layer of chromiteand pyroxenite, with normal grain size, accumulate above it.Immiscible sulphide liquids formed with the second pyroxenite,but percolated down as a result of their density contrast, evenas far as the footwall anorthosite in some cases. Whole-rockabundances of incompatible trace elements in the pegmatiticpyroxenite are comparable with or lower than those of the overlyingpyroxenite, and so there is no evidence for addition and/ortrapping of large proportions of interstitial liquid, or ofan incompatible-element enriched liquid or fluid in the productionof the pegmatitic rock. Because of the coarse-grained natureof the rock, modal analysis, especially for minor minerals,is unreliable. Annealing has destroyed primary textures, suchthat petrographic studies should not be used in isolation todistinguish cumulus and intercumulus components. Geochemicaldata suggest that the Merensky pyroxenite (both pegmatitic andnon-pegmatitic) typically consists of about 70–80% cumulusorthopyroxene and 10–20% cumulus plagioclase, with a further10% of intercumulus minerals, and could be considered to bea heteradcumulate. KEY WORDS: Bushveld Complex; Merensky Reef; pegmatitic textures; cumulate processes; heteradcumulates; recrystallization; incompatible trace elements  相似文献   

Burial dolomitization of the Woo Dale Limestones Formation (Lower Carboniferous), Derbyshire, England     

KEVIN SCHOFIELD  ANTHONY E. ADAMS 《Sedimentology》1986,33(2):207-219

Dolomite occurs in open-shelf packstones and grainstones of the Vincent House Member of the Woo Dale Limestones Formation (Lower Carboniferous) in the Wye Valley area, east of Buxton, Derbyshire, Central England. Two stages of dolomitization can be recognized. Stage 1 consists of limpid, non-luminescent dolomite lacking detectable iron and manganese. Stage 2 comprises cloudy, inclusion-rich, orange-red luminescing dolomite with significant iron and manganese. The contact between the two stages is irregular and suggests a hiatus between dolomite growth stages. Dolostones lacking any unreplaced limestone may contain up to 35% calcite cement rilling intercrystal porosity. This cement shows a characteristic zonal sequence and is normally in optical continuity with the surrounding dolomite crystals. In some cases, precementation compaction of the dolomite mosaic caused fracturing of the crystals. Sherds of dolomite on the floors of pore-spaces then provided the nucleus for growth of calcite cement. The petrographic character and stratigraphic distribution of the dolomite suggest that dolomitization occurred at depth, during burial of the Woo Dale Limestones in the Late Carboniferous. Dolomitizing solutions, expelled from basinal shales, moved up-dip along permeable limestones or along the sub-Carboniferous unconformity. Fluids responsible for the generation of stage 2 dolomite may have been contaminated by ions such as iron and manganese released from the alteration of volcanic rocks which occur beneath the Carboniferous Limestone in the Wye Valley area.  相似文献   

Contained (reflected) turbidity currents from the Middle Ordovician Cloridorme Formation, Quebec, Canada: an alternative to the antidune hypothesis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

KEVIN T. PICKERING  RICHARD N. HISCOTT† 《Sedimentology》1985,32(3):373-394

The parautochthonous Cloridorme Formation is a syn-orogenic flysch succession that was deposited in an elongate foredeep basin as mainly lower middle-fan, outer-fan, and basin-floor deposits. The basin-floor deposits (about 1.5 km thick) are confined to members β1, β2 and γ1, and are characterized by graded, thick (1–10 m) mud-rich calcareous greywacke beds previously interpreted as deposits of concentrated, muddy, unidirectional turbidity currents that locally generated backset (antidune) lamination in internally stratified flows. The dominant flow directions were from east to west, but west to east transport also occurred, as seen in the orientation of ripples, climbing ripples, flutes, consistently overturned flames, and grain imbrication. We believe that the flows that deposited these thick calcareous greywacke beds reversed by roughly 180° one or more times during deposition of the lower sandy part of the beds. Flow reversals are consistent with the sharp grain-size breaks and mud partings within sandy divisions. Measurement of grain fabric relative to stratification in the most celebrated ‘antidune’ bedforms indicates flow from west to east; thus, the bedforms were produced by west-to-east migration of megaripples, not by the upcurrent migration of antidunes. The thick muddy beds were deposited by large-volume, muddy flows that were deflected and reflected from the side slopes and internal topographic highs of a confined basin floor, much like the ‘Contessa’ and similar beds of the Italian Apennines. Large quantities of suspended mud were ponded above the irregular basin floor and settled to produce the thick silty mudstone caps seen on each bed. Because of their mode of emplacement, we propose that these beds be called contained turbidites.  相似文献   

Is asymptotic non-divergence of the large-scale tropical atmosphere consistent with equatorial wave theories?     

By KEVIN DELAYEN  JUN-ICHI YANO 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2009,61(4):491-497

Observations suggest that the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulations, associated with intraseasonal variabilties, are dominated more by the vorticity than the divergence. The present paper examines the consistency of the above observations with linear equatorial wave theories. Both free and forced linear waves are considered. The free equatorial waves are classified into two major categories: (1) the Rossby waves, strongly dominated by vorticity and (2) the inertial-gravity waves, relatively dominated by the divergence. Both the Kelvin and the mixed-Rossby gravity waves are intermediate of these two major categories.
In the forced case, the wave response is predominantly inertial-gravity wave-like for periods less than 5 d, thus predominantly divergent. On the other hand, for forcing with the longer periods, the wave response closely following free Rossby-wave structures, asymptotically approaches to a non-divergent state. The asymptotic tendency for non-divergence is found to be much stronger than observed. The difference is so stark that, notably, the tropical intraseasonal variability cannot be consistent with linear equatorial waves theories.  相似文献   

Book Reviews     

DENIS WHITE  A. JON KIMERLING  KEVIN SAHR  LIAN SONG 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):805-806

Regular grid sampling structures in the plane are a common spatial framework for many studies. Constructing grids with desirable properties such as equality of area and shape is more difficult on a sphere. We studied the distortion characteristics of recursive partitions of the surface of the globe starting with the octahedron and icosahedron polyhedral models. We used five different methods for mapping from the polyhedral model to the surface of the sphere: the Gnomonic projection, Fuller's Dymaxion projection, Snyder's equal area polyhedral projection, direct spherical subdivision, and a recursive polyhedral projection. We increased partition density using both a 4-fold and a 9-fold ratio at each level of recursive subdivision by subdividing to the 8th level with the 4-fold density ratio (65 536 cells per polyhedral face) and to the fifth level with the 9-fold density ratio (59 049 cells per polyhedral face). We measured the area and perimeter of each cell at each level of recursion for each method on each model using each density ratio. From these basic measurements we calculated the range and standard deviation of the area measurement, and the mean, range, and standard deviation of a compactness measurement defined as the ratio of (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the cell) to (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of a spherical circle with the same area). We looked at these basic measurements and their statistics using graphs of variation with recursion level, sums of squares analyses of variation, histograms of the distributions, maps of the spatial variation, and correlograms. The Snyder projection performed best in area distortion and the Gnomonic projection performed best in compactness distortion. The Fuller projection and the Sphere method had moderate distortion in both area and compactness relative to the worst methods. There was little difference in distortion performance between partitions using the 4-fold density ratio and those using the 9-fold density ratio. Partitions based on the icosahedron performed better for all statistics than those based on the octahedron.  相似文献   

End-signature of deep-marine basin-fill, as a structurally confined low-gradient clastic system: the Middle Eocene Guaso system, South-central Spanish Pyrenees     

CLARE SUTCLIFFE  KEVIN T. PICKERING 《Sedimentology》2009,56(6):1670-1689

The ca 300 m thick Guaso system is the youngest part of the ca 4 km thick deep-marine fill of the Middle Eocene Ainsa basin, Spanish Pyrenees. It is overlain by 150 to 200 m of fine-grained slope, prodelta and deltaic sediments. The ca 25 discrete deep-marine sandbodies within the Ainsa basin accumulated over ca 10 Myr, making eustasy the most likely control for coarse sand deposition (probably the ca 400 kyr Milankovitch mode). The first-order control on basin-scale accommodation, however, was tectonically-driven subsidence. Previously, the Guaso sandbodies were interpreted as linked to deep erosional, canyon-like features, but here it is argued that they are laterally extensive sandbodies, built by lateral-switching of 3 to 10 m deep erosional channels, and confined only by basin structure during deposition. The Guaso system represents the end of deep-marine deposition in a structurally-confined, delta-fed, low-gradient clastic system. The critical end-signature of deep-marine deposition was a phase of differential tectonic uplift above the underlying (Boltaña) thrust creating a narrower and shallower basin morphology, thus allowing sedimentation to create a low-gradient clastic system. Then, the next eustatic sea-level fall was insufficient to permit the cutting of canyons or deeply-incised slope channels, as had been the case earlier when the topographic relief between shelf and basin was at least several hundred metres greater. Such low-gradient clastic systems may characterize the end-signature for the infill of other shallowing-up deep-marine basins where a tectonic driver on subsidence is removed and/or differential uplift/subsidence leads to reduced sea floor gradients, leaving eustasy and sediment flux as the principal control on sediment supply.  相似文献   

A test of TOPMODEL'a ability to predict spatially distributed groundwater levels     

JAN SEIBERT  KEVIN H. BISHOP  LARS NYBERG 《水文研究》1997,11(9):1131-1144

TOPMODEL was calibrated to a small catchment using precipitation and runoff data. Acceptable fits of simulated and observed runoff were obtained during both the calibration and validation periods. Predictions of groundwater levels using this calibration did not agree well with observations at the 37 points within the catchment where groundwater levels were measured, including three locations with continuous recordings. Groundwater level observations at one single point in time, however, sufficed to calibrate new topographic–soil indices that improved the prediction of the local groundwater levels at the observed tubes. This suggests that spatially distributed calibration data are necessary to exploit reliably TOPMODEL's ability to predict spatially distributed hydrology. The mean or recalibrated transmissivity values at these 37 points differed from the catchment mean as determined by the precipitation–runoff calibration. Thus, while groundwater information can help in predicting groundwater levels at specific locations, increasing the number of local groundwater level measurements is not sufficient to improve the spatially distributed representation of subsurface flow by TOPMODEL for the catchment as a whole, as long as the groundwater information is not integrated in the precipitation–runoff calibration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A water balance study of the upper White Nile basin flows in the late nineteenth century     

EMMA L. TATE  KEVIN J. SENE  JOHN V. SUTCLIFFE 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):301-318

Abstract

A water balance model of the Nile is described, working in terms of dry season flows. The main use of the modelling studies was to extend flows back to the start of observations at Aswan in 1869, and hence to estimate the levels of Lake Victoria during the high flow event of the 1870s. New estimates of Lake Victoria levels and outflows for the period 1870–1895 are deduced, extending the length of the observed data for Lake Victoria by some 25%. Crucially, the analysis includes the major flood event of 1878, which historical evidence suggests was the highest since 1860 or earlier. The modelling results are compared with previous estimates and a detailed examination of historical evidence. Some prospects for future levels are considered, taking into account the reconstructed levels of the late nineteenth century.  相似文献   

The spectra of singular values in a regional model     

RONALD M. ERRICO  MARTIN EHRENDORFER  KEVIN RAEDER 《地球，A辑:动力气象学与海洋学》2001,53(3):317-332

Large portions of the spectra of singular values are determined for both moist and dry versions of a tangent linear, regional model for 4 different synoptic cases. Norms considered include the usual energy norm and versions of a norm measuring only the energy in some set of rotational mode perturbations. At most, only a few percent of the singular vectors possible with any of the norms are growing ones. Inclusion of moist physics in the tangent linear model greatly affects the leading singular vectors but does not increase the number of growing singular vectors much. Most singular vectors are damping ones, and therefore random perturbations drawn from a white‐noise distribution will likely damp during the 24‐h forecast periods considered. Only a few singular vectors are required to explain a significant portion of the final‐time variance of such perturbations, however, because the leading singular values are so large compared with the rest. The truncated rotational mode norm is shown to be very useful for investigating these properties.  相似文献   

Elemental composition of fog interstitial particle size fractions and hydrophobic fractions related to fog droplet nucleation scavenging     

BENGT G. MARTINSSON  ERIK SWIETLICKI  HANS-CHRISTEN HANSSON  ALFRED WIEDENSOHLER  KEVIN J. NOONE  JOHN A. OGREN  ANNELI HALLBERG 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1992,44(5):593-603

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