From compliance to environmental leadership     

Karin Refsnes 《Marine pollution bulletin》1994,29(6-12):279-283

Management systems should have control, be it financially, in relation to the human resources of a company, or in matters concerning quality, safety and the environment. Integrated management systems are required for the quality, safety and environmental areas. The converse to this is that problems are often the result of inadequate management programmes, standards and/or compliance with standards. Recent surveys have concluded that, firstly, in order to improve environmental performance, management issues need to be addressed and developed; and secondly, that the implementation of policies and measures is vital to improve environmental performance. In addition to environmental awareness among management and the need for environmental management, this paper focuses on the role of European legislation, international standardization, other international guidelines and important aspects of environmental management and auditing. Finally, it introduces a new environmental management and audit system—the international environmental rating system (IERS), which has been developed by Det Norske Veritas. IERS is a tool to guide implementation, maintenance and improvement of environmental management in industry and to measure the quality and effectiveness of environmental management. It consists of a structured management and audit protocol with good management practices and associated user guidelines.  相似文献   

Contextualizing the quality of primary education in urban and rural settings: The case of Iringa Region,Tanzania     

Karin Lindsjö 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2018,72(4):234-247

The purpose of the article is to discuss the term ‘quality’ in relation to primary education in Tanzania, and to contextualize quality and identify the premises for obtaining quality in primary school education in rural and urban settings. To understand opinions about the quality of education and the current situation in primary schools, the author conducted interviews with teachers and focus group discussions with parents and caregivers in Iringa town and three villages in Iringa Region. The findings indicate a general consensus, regardless of geographical setting, that quality in primary education is primarily measurable through national exams. However, surrounding circumstances such as infrastructure and poverty have a great impact on the quality of education in rural primary schools. Lack of water and electricity, and poor transport networks have consequences for schooling by limiting children’s, parents’, and teachers’ access to school supplies and limiting the ability of officials to carry out monitoring activities. The author concludes that the premises for providing and receiving education vary to a great extent, depending on geographical setting, and favour urban youths with respect to their further education.  相似文献   

Compositional variations at ultra-structure length scales in coral skeleton   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anders Meibom  Jean-Pierre Cuif  Smail Mostefaoui  Karin L. Meibom 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(6):1555-1569

Distributions of Mg and Sr in the skeletons of a deep-sea coral (Caryophyllia ambrosia) and a shallow-water, reef-building coral (Pavona clavus) have been obtained with a spatial resolution of 150 nm, using the NanoSIMS ion microprobe at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. These trace element analyses focus on the two primary ultra-structural components in the skeleton: centers of calcification (COC) and fibrous aragonite. In fibrous aragonite, the trace element variations are typically on the order of 10% or more, on length scales on the order of 1-10 μm. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca variations are not correlated. However, Mg/Ca variations in Pavona are strongly correlated with the layered organization of the skeleton.These data allow for a direct comparison of trace element variations in zooxanthellate and non-zooxanthellate corals. In both corals, all trace elements show variations far beyond what can be attributed to variations in the marine environment. Furthermore, the observed trace element variations in the fibrous (bulk) part of the skeletons are not related to the activity of zooxanthellae, but result from other biological activity in the coral organism. To a large degree, this biological forcing is independent of the ambient marine environment, which is essentially constant on the growth timescales considered here.Finally, we discuss the possible detection of a new high-Mg calcium carbonate phase, which appears to be present in both deep-sea and reef-building corals and is neither aragonite nor calcite.  相似文献   

Extreme wave events and sampling variability     

Bitner-Gregersen  Elzbieta M.  Gramstad  Odin  Magnusson  Anne Karin  Malila  Mika Petteri 《Ocean Dynamics》2021,71(1):81-95

Ocean Dynamics - Wave field data are affected not only by the accuracy of instruments recording them but also by sampling variability, an uncertainty due to the limited number of observations. For...  相似文献   

Modeling the morphodynamic response of tidal embayments to sea-level rise   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Barend van Maanen  Giovanni Coco  Karin R. Bryan  Carl T. Friedrichs 《Ocean Dynamics》2013,63(11-12):1249-1262

Sea-level rise has a strong influence on tidal systems, and a major focus of climate change effect studies is to predict the future state of these environmental systems. Here, we used a model to simulate the morphological evolution of tidal embayments and to explore their response to a rising sea level. The model was first used to reproduce the formation of channels and intertidal flats under a stable mean water level in an idealised and initially unchannelled tidal basin. A gradual rise in sea level was imposed once a well-developed channel network had formed. Simulations were conducted with different sea-level rise rates and tidal ranges. Sea-level rise forced headward erosion of the tidal channels, driving a landward expansion of the channel network and channel development in the previously non-inundated part of the basin. Simultaneously, an increase in channel drainage width in the lower part of the basin occurred and a decrease in the overall fraction of the basin occupied by channels could be observed. Sea-level rise thus altered important characteristics of the tidal channel network. Some intertidal areas were maintained despite a rising sea level. However, the size, shape, and location of the intertidal areas changed. In addition, sea-level rise affected the exchange of sediment between the different morphological elements. A shift from exporting to importing sediment as well as a reinforcement of the existing sediment export was observed for the simulations performed here. Sediment erosion in the inlet and the offshore transport of sediment was enhanced, resulting in the expansion of the ebb-tidal delta. Our model results further emphasise that tidal embayments can exhibit contrasting responses to sea-level rise.  相似文献   

Quantitative palaeotemperature records inferred from fossil pollen and chironomid assemblages from Lake Gilltjärnen,northern central Sweden     

Karin Antonsson  Stephen J. Brooks  Heikki Sepp  Richard J. Telford  H. John B. Birks 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(8):831-841

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Distribution of Bacteria Injected in Body of Giant Black Shrimp,Penaeus Monodon     

郭志勋  KarinvandeBraak  MagrietBotterbloom 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2004,22(2):186-191

Distribution of injected Vibrio anguillarum in body of P,,naeus monodon was studied with immunohistochemical method. Bacteria could be detected throughout the experiment in some individuals; however in lymphoid tissue, gill, heart and haemolymph of all vibrio injected shrimp, the bacteria could be observed only 5 min after injection. The bacteria density in haemolymph, haemolymph of the hepatopancreas and gills decreased with time. In the lymphoid organ and heart, the bacteria density was the highest 48 h after injection, then decreased. Nodules could be formed in the heart, lymphoid organ and injection site.  相似文献   

Neuere Veröffentlichungen     

Ekkehard Mittelstaedt  Karin Kammann 《Ocean Dynamics》1984,37(4):171-172

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The 11-year solar cycle, the Sun's rotation, and the middle stratosphere in winter. Part II: Response of planetary waves     

Boris Soukharev  Karin Labitzke   《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2001,63(18):344

The effect of the 11-year solar cycle on the response of planetary wavenumbers 1 and 2 at 10 and 30 hPa in winter to solar activity oscillations on the time scale of the Sun's rotation (27.2 day) is discussed in terms of statistical spectral analysis. The three oscillations studied are the 27.2 d (period of the Sun's rotation), 25.3 d (periodicity caused by modulation of the 27.2 d stratospheric response by annual atmospheric variation), and 54.4 d (doubled period of the solar rotation). A significant effect of the 11-year solar cycle is found for the 54.4 d periodicity in planetary wavenumber 1, and for the 27.2 and 25.3 d periodicities in planetary wavenumber 2. The effect of the 11-year solar cycle is expressed in the evident differences between the amplitudes of responses of planetary waves at maximum and minimum of the solar cycle: the amplitudes are much larger at high than at low solar activity. The 11-year modulation of planetary wave activity is most pronounced at mid-latitudes, mainly at 40–60°N, where the observed variability of planetary waves is large. The results obtained are in good agreement with results of the recent modeling study by Shindell et al. (Science 284 (1999) 305).  相似文献   

On the potential impact of harbour seal predation on the cod population in the eastern North Sea     

B. Johan L. Hansen  Karin C. Harding 《Journal of Sea Research》2006,56(4):329-337

Increasing Scandinavian harbour seal populations during the last decades coincide in time with the collapse of the cod fishery. Assumptions of a causal relationship have led to claims favouring re-introduction of seal hunting. Proposals for ‘adaptive management’ often assume that decimating seal populations will automatically favour the fishery. This argument presupposes seal predation to be sufficiently large to have a measurable impact on the fish population. The potential magnitude of the cod-seal interaction was analysed using data on harbour seal abundance, feeding habits and compiled information on cod life history and cod landing statistics. A size-structured life history matrix for the cod population was applied and the size-specific prey preferences of harbour seals were taken into account. Estimated seal predation was small compared to both the landings by the fishery, and to minimum estimates of the total cod population. Furthermore, since the size classes of cod targeted by seals have low reproductive values, the impact of seal predation on cod production will be further reduced. Our analyses suggest harbour seals have a negligible impact on the cod fishery.  相似文献