Line ratios for solar ultra-violet lines of Ov     

J. G. Doyle  P. L. Dufton  F. P. Keenan  A. E. Kingston 《Solar physics》1983,89(2):243-251

New O v rate coefficients are used to calculate the ratio of the intensity of the 760 Å multiplet to that of the 630 Å line. Results are given for a range of electron densities and temperatures. The theoretical ratios are compared with observed line ratios for different solar regions.  相似文献   

Reserve classification of identified nonfuel mineral resources by the bureau of mines minerals availability system     

Gary Kingston 《Mathematical Geology》1977,9(3):273-279

Classification of nonfuel mineral reserves is the prime function of the Bureau of Mines Minerals Availability System (MAS). The MAS classifies reserves through geologic, engineering, and economic evaluation of presently identified resources. The classification of a reserve is accomplished by calculating the identified-resource availability in terms of present and prospective prices (costs). The availability of mineral supplies is definable as a function of natural physical phenomena, industry technology, costs, capital generation, time requirements, supply site infrastructure, mineral-land accessibility, environmental restraints, and political conditions. These and other criteria are being systematically evaluated and quantified in the MAS to arrive at verifiable estimates of present and future United States mineral reserve positions. The MAS is structured such that mine and deposit evaluations form the common denominator of supply, and costs represent the basic mechanism of supply analysis. A comprehensive, systematically structured minerals evaluation system is needed to objectively assess mineral supply impacts on the economy and society. The MAS is an element of that capability wherein a systematic unraveling of the mineral supply network is performed, with the results structured in electronic retrieval format for rapid listing, manipulation, and supply analysis. The key activity in accomplishing this end is the mineral deposit evaluation process that provides uniform, maintained information sets for aggregation into summary products. The MAS thereby enhances the basic data and response capability to support mineral specialists, mineral policy analysis, and the Government and industry decision process.This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98 entitled Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies held at Loen, Norway, September 27–October 1, 1976.  相似文献   

Observations on the effects of barite on the gill tissues of the suspension feeder Cerastoderma edule (Linné) and the deposit feeder Macoma balthica (Linné)     

Barlow MJ  Kingston PF 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(1):71-76

Barite, an important component of offshore drilling muds, is shown to adversely affect the ctenidia of the suspension feeding bivalve, Cerastoderma edule and the deposit feeder, Macoma balthica. SEM observations showed that exposure to barite caused cilia to shorten and coagulate, and, in some extreme cases, cause the disintegration of the gill structure itself. Using a simple ciliary condition index (CCI) the impact of the barite was quantified and damage rates expressed. The bivalves were treated with daily doses of 1, 2, and 3-mm depth equivalents of barite. In all treatments significant damage to the gills was recorded although, in the case of the 1-mm dose rate, this did not occur for 4 days. In the other two treatments, damage was apparent within a day of exposure with 100% mortality occurring within 12 days. Macoma balthica appeared slightly more tolerant of exposure to barite than C. edule.  相似文献   

State-of-the-Practice Review of In Situ Thermal Technologies     

Jennifer L. Triplett Kingston  Paul R. Dahlen  Paul C. Johnson 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2010,30(4):64-72

In situ thermal-based soil and aquifer remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistance heating [ERH], conductive heating, and steam-based heating) have undergone rapid development and application in recent years. These thermal technologies offer the promise of more rapid and thorough treatment of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zones; however, their field-scale application has not been well documented in the technical literature. A state-of-the-practice review of the application of these technologies was conducted in this study. Available documents from 182 applications were reviewed, which included 87 ERH, 46 steam-based heating, 26 conductive heating, and 23 other heating technology applications conducted between 1988 and 2007. Approximately 90% of the 182 applications were implemented after 1995 and about half since 2000. More specifically, this review identified the geologic settings in which these technologies were applied, chemicals treated, design parameters, operating conditions, and performance metrics. The results of this study are summarized in a table linking this information to five generalized geologic scenarios. Practitioners considering thermal technologies for their site can identify the geologic scenario that most closely resembles their site and then can quickly see which technologies have been applied in that setting, the designs employed, operating conditions, and the performance achieved.  相似文献   

News     

Paul Kingston 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(9):1935-1938

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Floods in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: the importance of atmospheric rivers          下载免费PDF全文

Daniel. G. Kingston  David A. Lavers  David M. Hannah 《水文研究》2016,30(26):5063-5070

Extremely high precipitation occurs in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, associated with both orographic enhancement and synoptic‐scale weather processes. In this study, we test the hypothesis that atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a key driver of floods in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Vertically integrated water vapour and horizontal water vapour transport, and atmospheric circulation, are investigated concurrently with major floods on the Waitaki River (a major South Island river). Analysis of the largest eight winter maximum floods between 1979 and 2012 indicates that all are associated with ARs. Geopotential height fields reveal that these ARs are located in slow eastward moving extratropical cyclones, with high pressure to the northeast of New Zealand. The confirmation of ARs as a contributor to Waitaki flooding indicates the need for their further exploration to better understand South Island hydrometeorological extremes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Wave effects on the vertical migration of two benthic microalgae: Hantzschia virgata var. intermedia and Euglena proxima     

Michael B. Kingston 《Estuaries and Coasts》1999,22(1):81-91

Two benthic microalgal species, Euglena proxima (Dangeard) and the diatom Hantzschia virgata var. intermedia (Grun) Round, congregated at the sediment surface of intertidal sand flats surrounding the Duke University Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina, during low tide and migrated below the surface prior to tidal flooding. E. proxima was found down to a depth of 12 cm below the surface during high tide while H. virgata was not found below 8 cm. One potential advantage of vertical migration for benthic microalgae is avoidance of the sediment surface during high tide when the winnowing action of waves can remove cells from the intertidal habitat. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the mean depths of E. proxima and H. virgata exposed to calm water conditions with their mean depths under wave-exposed conditions in shallow outdoor tidal tanks equipped with wave generators. Two sediment treatments were tested in each tank to evaluate the effect of a subsurface layer of black sediment (subsurface sediments, presumably reduced) on vertical migration: a uniform column of light brown sand (surface sediments; presumably oxygenated), and a layered column with light brown sand overlying a layer of black sediment. One-way and two-way ANOVAs indicated that wave action increased the mean depth of both species under certain conditions related to the presence, absence, and depth of a subsurface layer of black sediment. In an experiment with a shallow black layer (5 mm), wave action did not result in a significant increase in the mean depth of H. virgata as it did in a previous experiment with a deeper black layer (3 cm). Unlike H. virgata, E. proxima exhibited a wave effect only in the absence of a subsurface black layer. A subsurface black layer seemed to reinforce downward migration in E. proxima under both calm water and wave conditions. The absence of a wave effect in the presence of a subsurface black layer suggests that the mean depth of E. proxima during high tide was more tightly controlled by the depth of the black layer than wave energy. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY085 00009  相似文献   

Reactions under plasma conditions: M. Venugoplan (Editor): Volumes II. Wiley-Interscience, 1971. Volume II,ix + 608 pp. £ 14.00     

A.E. Kingston 《Planetary and Space Science》1972

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The benthic infauna of the North Sea: species distribution and assemblages   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  

Kunitzer  A.; Basford  D.; Craeymeersch  J. A.; Dewarumez  J. M.; Dorjes  J.; Duineveld  G. C. A.; Eleftheriou  A.; Heip  C.; Herman  P.; Kingston  P.; Niermann  U.; Rachor  E.; Rumohr  H.; de Wilde  P. A. J. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1992,49(2):127-143

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Inter‐annual variation in the topographic controls on catchment‐scale snow distribution in a maritime alpine catchment,New Zealand          下载免费PDF全文

Clare S. Webster  Daniel G. Kingston  Tim Kerr 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1096-1109

Seasonal snow is a globally important water resource that contributes substantially to upland and lowland water resources. As such, there is a need to understand the controls on the spatial and temporal variation in snow distribution. This study meets this research need by investigating the topographic controls on snow depth distribution in the upper Jollie catchment in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Furthermore, inter‐annual variation in the importance of the topographic controls is examined and linked to variation in the dominant synoptic‐scale weather patterns over a 4‐year period (2007–2010). Through the use of regression trees, the relative importance of the topographic controls on snow depth was shown to vary between the four study years. In particular, elevation explained the greatest amount of variance in 2007 and 2008 and east‐exposure explained the greatest variance in 2009 and 2010. The other wind exposure variables also had a large effect on the snow depth distribution in 2009 and 2010. Differences in the frequency and duration of synoptic weather patterns were physically consistent with the changing importance of these variables. In particular, a higher frequency of troughing events in 2009 and 2010 is thought to be associated with a reduced importance of elevation and greater influence of wind exposure on snow depth in these years. These findings demonstrate the importance of using multi‐year data sets, and of considering topographic and climatic influences, when attempting to model alpine snow distribution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献