Land cover monitoring in Asia by NOAA GVI data     

Ryutaro Tateishi  Koji Kajiwara 《国际地球制图》2013,28(4):53-64

NOAA/AVHRR Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data of Asia in 1983 and 1987 were used to evaluate their usefulness for global land cover monitoring. Color composite images of monthly GVI data and color composite images of principal components from 12 successive monthly GVI data were found to be useful for visual interpretation of seasonal vegetation dynamics. The results of cluster analysis applied to monthly GVI data for a one‐year period, indicate that unsupervised classification method is useful for global or continental land cover classification without ground truth. In order to detect land cover changes, the difference between the 1983 and 1987 12‐month GVI data was calculated. The results show that it is difficult to detect land cover changes due to cloud contamination in monthly GVI data and poor registration of GVI products.  相似文献   

黑濑川地体源于亚洲大陆东缘何处？     

Shigeki HADA  Koji UNO  Kuniyuki FURUKAWA 《地球学报》2012,33(S1):12-14

The point at issue: The Kurosegawa Terrane is composed of continental fragments transecting Mesozoic terranes of accretionary complex in Southwest Japan (Fig. 1). It is an attenuated tectonic sliver and considered to be allochthonous with respect to the main part of Southwest Japan. The problem of which continental block in the East Asian continental margin is the source of the Kurosegawa Terrane has puzzled Japanese geologists for many years. Firstly, we try to approach this issue based on the analysis of fusulinacean assemblage in accreted terranes composed of subduction complex in the Pacific Rim. Secondly, by applying the result of this analysis we try to locate the source of the continental fragments of the Kurosegawa Terrane. Thirdly, we try to prove its validity with a new paleomagnetic study.  相似文献   

Growth and succession patterns of major phylogenetic groups of marine bacteria during a mesocosm diatom bloom     

Yuya Tada  Akito Taniguchi  Yuki Sato-Takabe  Koji Hamasaki 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(4):509-519

Our objective was to track microbial processes associated with serial degradation of organic matter derived from algal blooms. To do this, we analyzed population fluctuations and growth responses of major phylogenetic groups of free-living marine bacteria. We used bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry–fluorescence in situ hybridization methodology to examine marine bacterial community development during and after a diatom bloom in a mesocosm. We revealed that the Roseobacter/Rhodobacter, SAR11, Alteromonas, and Bacteroidetes groups were clearly major phylotypes responsible for most free-living bacterial biomass and production throughout the experiment. The clearest bacterial response was a proliferation of the Alteromonas group (cells with large volumes) during development of the bloom (up to 30?% of actively growing cells). Populations of these bacteria declined sharply thereafter, likely due to grazing. Alteromonas group responses suggest that these bacteria strongly influenced the flux of organic matter at an early bloom stage. The growth potential of Bacteroidetes was relatively large as the bloom peaked; this early development probably contributed to the initial stage of bloom decomposition. In contrast, the contribution of Roseobacter/Rhodobacter to total bacterial production increased at a late stage of decomposing of the bloom. The contributions of Betaproteobacteria, SAR11, and SAR86 groups to total bacterial abundance and production were relatively minor throughout the experiment. These results imply that the ability to utilize organic matter derived from diatoms varies among bacterial phylotypes, and, frequently, less abundant but ecological specialist taxa such as Alteromonas may play major roles in the flux of organic matter during diatom blooms.  相似文献   

Sound velocity measurements in dhcp-FeH up to 70 GPa with inelastic X-ray scattering: Implications for the composition of the Earth's core     

Yuki Shibazaki  Eiji Ohtani  Hiroshi Fukui  Takeshi Sakai  Seiji Kamada  Daisuke Ishikawa  Satoshi Tsutsui  Alfred Q.R. Baron  Naoya Nishitani  Naohisa Hirao  Kenichi Takemura 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2012

We have determined the density evolution of the sound velocity of dhcp-FeH_x (x ≈ 1) up to 70 GPa at room temperature, by inelastic X-ray scattering and by X-ray diffraction. We find that the variation of V_P with density is different for the ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic dhcp-FeH_x, and that only nonmagnetic dhcp-FeH_x follows Birch's law. Combining our results with Birch's law for iron and assuming an ideal two-component mixing model, we obtain an upper bound of the hydrogen content in the Earth's inner core, 0.23(6) wt.% H, corresponding to FeH_0.13(3). The iron alloy with 0.23(6) wt.% H can satisfy the density, and compressional and shear sound velocities of the PREM inner core, assuming that there are no other light elements in the inner core.  相似文献   

Simultaneous assimilation of surface drifter data, satellite and in situ observations for improved estimates of meso-scale variability in the Kuroshio Extension Region     

Kei Nishina  Yoichi Ishikawa  Toshiyuki Awaji 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(2):175-190

In order to better estimate meso-scale variabilities in the energetic Kuroshio Extension (KE) region, simultaneous assimilation of drifter-derived velocity data, together with satellite and in situ hydrographic data, is attempted by using a high-resolution 4-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-VAR) system. Our experimental results, both with and without assimilation of drifter data (Exp. Drf and Exp. Ref, respectively) for the period during Aug–Oct 2005, show that the reproduced fields in Exp. Drf better reflect the observed meso-scale features such as the KE meandering jet and associated eddies. The adjoint sensitivity analysis indicates that our 4D-VAR system has the ability to provide a more realistic timeseries of the meandering jet structures that play a key role in the intergyre exchange between the subtropical and subarctic gyres in the North Pacific. In addition, the observed information from the surface drifters works to improve the subsurface structure. These results illustrate the advantage of our 4D-VAR simultaneous assimilation with the addition of drifter-derived surface velocity information.  相似文献   

Impacts of elevated CO2 on particulate and dissolved organic matter production: microcosm experiments using iron-deficient plankton communities in open subarctic waters     

Takeshi Yoshimura  Koji Suzuki  Hiroshi Kiyosawa  Tsuneo Ono  Hiroshi Hattori  Kenshi Kuma  Jun Nishioka 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(5):601-618

Response of phytoplankton to increasing CO₂ in seawater in terms of physiology and ecology is key to predicting changes in marine ecosystems. However, responses of natural plankton communities especially in the open ocean to higher CO₂ levels have not been fully examined. We conducted CO₂ manipulation experiments in the Bering Sea and the central subarctic Pacific, known as high nutrient and low chlorophyll regions, in summer 2007 to investigate the response of organic matter production in iron-deficient plankton communities to CO₂ increases. During the 14-day incubations of surface waters with natural plankton assemblages in microcosms under multiple pCO₂ levels, the dynamics of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phosphorus (DOP) were examined with the plankton community compositions. In the Bering site, net production of POC, PN, and DOP relative to net chlorophyll-a production decreased with increasing pCO₂. While net produced POC:PN did not show any CO₂-related variations, net produced DOC:DOP increased with increasing pCO₂. On the other hand, no apparent trends for these parameters were observed in the Pacific site. The contrasting results observed were probably due to the different plankton community compositions between the two sites, with plankton biomass dominated by large-sized diatoms in the Bering Sea versus ultra-eukaryotes in the Pacific Ocean. We conclude that the quantity and quality of the production of particulate and dissolved organic matter may be altered under future elevated CO₂ environments in some iron-deficient ecosystems, while the impacts may be negligible in some systems.  相似文献   

Flow resistance of one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge of a compound open channel     

Xin Sun  Koji Shiono 《Advances in water resources》2009

Experiments have been conducted in straight compound channels with and without one-line emergent vegetation along the floodplain edge, in which stream-wise velocities and boundary shear stresses have been measured. The experimental results show that the velocity distribution in the vegetation case is considerably different from that in the no vegetation case and the boundary shear stress is also significantly reduced by the additional flow resistance caused by the vegetation at a similar relative water depth. The apparent shear stress distribution which has been calculated with the boundary shear stress and weight component in the vegetation case is totally different from that in the no-vegetation case. New formulae for friction factors for the with and without vegetation cases are developed using vegetation density and flow parameters. The drag force caused by the vegetation is obtained for two different vegetation density cases and the magnitude of its effect on total flow resistance is then investigated. The force balance method is used to predict discharge and this is compared with the discharge predicted by the new formula. A further analysis of the selection of vegetation spacing is carried out, determining its effect on stage-discharge.  相似文献   

Frequency–Magnitude Distribution of −3.7 ≤ M W  ≤ 1 Mining-Induced Earthquakes Around a Mining Front and b Value Invariance with Post-Blast Time     

Makoto Naoi  Masao Nakatani  Shigeki Horiuchi  Yasuo Yabe  Joachim Philipp  Thabang Kgarume  Gilbert Morema  Sifiso Khambule  Thabang Masakale  Luiz Ribeiro  Koji Miyakawa  Atsushi Watanabe  Kenshiro Otsuki  Hirokazu Moriya  Osamu Murakami  Hironori Kawakata  Nana Yoshimitsu  Anthony Ward  Ray Durrheim  Hiroshi Ogasawara 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(10):2665-2684

We investigated frequency-magnitude distribution (FMD) of acoustic emissions (AE) occurring near an active mining front in a South African gold mine, using a catalog developed from an AE network, which is capable of detecting AEs down to M _W  ?5. When records of blasts were removed, FMDs of AEs obeyed a Gutenberg?Richter law with similar b values, not depending on post-blasting time from the initial 1-min interval through more than 30 h. This result denies a suggestion in a previous study (Richardson and Jordan Bull Seismol Soc Am, 92:1766–1782, 2002) that new fractures generated by blasting disturb the size distribution of background events, which they interpreted as slip events on existing weak planes. Our AE catalog showed that the GR law with b ～ 1.2 was valid between M _W  ?3.7 and 0 for AEs around the mining front. Further, using the mine’s seismic catalog, which covers a longer time period of the same area, we could extend the validity range of the GR law with the same b value up to M _W 1.  相似文献   

Synoptic-scale physical mechanisms associated with the Mei-yu front: A numerical case study in 1999     

Nguyen Minh Truong  Vu Thanh Hang  Roger A. Pielke Sr.  Christopher L. Castro  Koji Dairaku 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(4):433-448

The Mei-yu front system occurring from 23 to 27 June 1999 consists of the Mei-yu front and the dewpoint front, which confine a warm core extending from the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau to the west of 145°E. To further understand the synopticscale physical mechanisms associated with the Mei-yu front system, the present study proposes another insight into the physical significance of the x-component relative vorticity (XRV) whose vertical circulation is expected to tilt isentropic surfaces. The XRV equation diagnoses exhibit that the twisting effect of the planetary vorticity (TEPV) is positive along the Mei-yu front and negative in the dewpoint front region, and tilts isentropic surfaces from south to north in the Mei-yu frontal zone. Conversely, the meridional gradient of the atmospheric buoyancy (MGAB) tilts isentropic surfaces in the opposite direction and maintains negative in the regions where the TEPV is positive and vice versa. Thus, the TEPV plays the role of the Mei-yu frontogenesis, whereas the MGAB demonstrates the Meiyu frontolysis factor. Both terms control the evolution of the cross-front circulation. The other terms show much minor contributions in this case study. The present simulations also indicate that the weakening of the upper-level jet evidently induces the weakening of the Mei-yu front and reduces the amplitude of the East Asia cold trough. Furthermore, the impact can also penetrate into the lower troposphere in terms of mesoscale disturbances and precipitation, proving that the upper-level jet imposes a noticeable top-down influence on the Mei-yu front system.  相似文献   

青藏高原中南部岩石圈扩张应力场与羊八井地热异常形成机制   总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文

徐纪人  赵志新  石川有三 《地球物理学报》2005,48(4):861-869

青藏高原中南部地区有着丰富的地热资源,其中羊八井地区存在着温度高达93℃以上,热流值高达364mW/m2的地热奇观.本文利用国际以及中国地震台网资料,详细分析了青藏高原中南部地震活动性和岩石圈脆性破裂深度范围,进而讨论了高地热异常区的岩石圈应力场背景及其动力学机制.研究结果表明,青藏高原地热异常区有高于高原内部平均活动水平的震级为6级左右的中强地震活动,其震中分布呈现出与地热活动相似的、沿近南北向断陷带的带状特征;并且在高热流区域内有高原内部罕见的中深地震活动,地震震源从100km左右深处到地表呈现柱状地震群活动的空间分布等特征.震源机制与应力场研究结果表明,虽然高原中南部应力场主压、主张应力方向与青藏高原的整体特征相符,但是地震发生类型与青藏高原周缘的挤压逆断层型地震完全不同,均属于东西向扩张力作用下的正断层型地震活动,特别是在羊八井高热流区域附近,东西向扩张应力场在岩石圈应力场中起到主导性作用,推测其控制深度可达岩石圈底部100多公里处.青藏高原地热异常区在强烈的近东西向扩张应力场作用下,岩石圈东西向扩张并发生一系列的大规模正断层活动,致使深部软流圈高温热流可以沿着活动正断层及其形成的深裂隙上涌,穿过岩石圈到达地表面,形成了高地热异常区.  相似文献