Raman spectroscopic carbonaceous material thermometry of low-grade metamorphic rocks: Calibration and application to tectonic exhumation in Crete, Greece   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Jeffrey M. Rahl  Kristin M. Anderson  Charalambos Fassoulas 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,240(2):339-354

We present new Raman spectra data of carbonaceous material (CM) to extend the range of the Raman spectra of CM thermometer (RSCM) to temperatures as low as 100 °C. Previous work has demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is an excellent tool to describe the degree of graphitization of CM, a process that is independent of pressure but strongly dependent on metamorphic temperature. A linear relationship between temperature and the Raman parameter R2 (derived from the area of the defect band relative to the ordered graphite band) forms the basis of a previous thermometer. Because R2 shows little variability in low-temperature samples, 330 °C serves as a lower limit on the existing thermometer. Herein, we present Raman spectra from a suite of low-temperature (100 to 300 °C) samples from the Olympics Mountains and describe other aspects of the Raman spectra of CM that vary over this range. In particular, the Raman parameter R1 (the ratio of heights of the disordered peak to ordered peak) varies regularly between 100 and 350 °C. These data, together with published results from higher-temperature rocks, are used to calibrate a modified RSCM thermometer, applicable from 100 to 700 °C. Application to low-grade metasediments in the Otago region in the South Island of New Zealand gives temperatures consistent with previous estimates, demonstrating the reliability of the modified RSCM thermometer.We apply the modified RSCM thermometer to 53 samples from Crete to evaluate the role of the Cretan detachment fault in exhuming Miocene high pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks exposed there. The metamorphic rocks below the detachment (the Plattenkalk and Phyllite-Quartzite units) give metamorphic temperatures that range from 250 to 400 °C, consistent with previous petrologic estimates. We also demonstrate that the Tripolitza unit, which lies directly above the detachment, gives an average metamorphic temperature of about 260 °C. The modest break in metamorphic temperature in central Crete indicates that the Cretan detachment accounts for only 5 to 7 km of exhumation of the underlying HP-LT metamorphic rocks, which were initially accreted at ∼ 35 km. We argue that the bulk of the exhumation (∼ 28 km out of 35 km total) occurred by pervasive brittle stretching and erosion of structural units above the detachment.  相似文献   

Earth observation-based multi-scale impact assessment of internally displaced person (IDP) camps on wood resources in Zalingei,Darfur     

Kristin Spröhnle  Olaf Kranz  Elisabeth Schoepfer  Matthias Moeller  Stefan Voigt 《国际地球制图》2016,31(5):575-595

This study describes the development of a semi-automatic object-based image analysis approach for the detection and quantification of deforestation in Zalingei, Darfur, in consequence of the increasing concentration of refugees or internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the region. The classification workflow is based on a multi-scale approach, ranging from the analysis of high resolution SPOT-4 to very high resolution IKONOS and QuickBird satellite imagery between 2003 and 2008. The overall accuracy rates for the classification of the SPOT 4 data ranged from 92% up to 95%, while those for the QuickBird and IKONOS classification have shown values of 88 and 87%, respectively. The resulting trends in woody vegetation cover were compared with the development of the local population and the variability of precipitation. The results show that the strong increase in human population in the Zalingei IDP camps can be associated with considerable decrease in woody vegetation in the camp vicinity.  相似文献   

Intraplate seismicity of the Pacific Basin, 1913–1988     

Michael E. Wysession  Emile A. Okal  Kristin L. Miller 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,135(2):261-359

We establish here a comprehensive database of intraplate seismicity in the Pacific Basin. Relocation and analysis of 894 earthquakes yield 403 reliable intraplate earthquakes during 1913–1988. These numbers do not include earthquake swarms, which account for another 838 events. Most of the remainder (304 events) are actually plate boundary earthquakes that have been erroneously located in intraplate regions. A significant number occur in recent years when location capabilities should have guarded against this situation. Relocations involve a careful linear inversion ofP andS arrivals, accompanied by a Monte Carlo statistical analysis. We have also attentively removed the high number of clerical errors and nuclear tests that exist in epicenter bulletins.A geographical examination of the relocated epicenters reveals several striking features. There are three NW-SE lineaments north of the Fiji Plateau and in Micronesia; diffuse seismicity and incompatible focal mechanisms argue against the southernmost, discussed byOkal et al. (1986) andKroenke andWalker (1986), as the simple relocation of the Solomon trench to the North. Besides another striking lineament, along the 130°W meridian, there is also a strong correlation between seismicity and bathymetry in certain parts of the Basin. In the Eastcentral Pacific and Nazca plates there are many epicenters on fracture zones and fossil spreading ridges, and hot spot traces like the Louisville, Nazca and Cocos Ridges also display seismicity.  相似文献   

Incremental growth of a large volume,chemically zoned magma body: a study of the tephra sequence beneath the Rainier Mesa ash flow sheet of the Timber Mountain Tuff     

Kristin T. Huysken  Thomas A. Vogel  Paul W. Layer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(5):377-385

The Rainier Mesa ash-flow is a large (1200 km³), 11.6 My old, chemically zoned unit that ranges in composition from 55 to 76% SiO₂ — one of the largest chemical ranges ever observed in a large volume ash-flow sheet. Two chemical trends occur in this sheet, a low silica (55–66% SiO₂) and a high silica (>66% SiO₂) trend. Ninety per cent of the Rainier Mesa sheet occurs in the high silica trend. Immediately beneath the Rainier Mesa sheet is a thick tephra sequence. The chemical variation of this sequence is nearly equivalent to the high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa ash-flow sheet (about 66–78% SiO₂). Throughout the tephra sequence numerous small ash-flow layers occur, and each ash-flow layer is chemically zoned from more evolved at the base to less evolved at the top. This is consistent with having been erupted from a zoned magma body. The lowest silica tephra units are at the base of the sequence and the highest silica units are at the top — that is, the large-scale chemical trend of the entire sequence is opposite to that of the individual ash-flow layers. These ash-flow layers are of very small volume. The tephra sequence provides a unique record of the incremental development of the zoned, high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa magma body.  相似文献   

A nonstationary flood frequency analysis method to adjust for future climate change and urbanization     

Kristin L. Gilroy  Richard H. McCuen 《Journal of Hydrology》2012

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Stalagmite growth perturbations from the Kumaun Himalaya as potential earthquake recorders     

C. P. Rajendran  Jaishri Sanwal  Kristin D. Morell  Mike Sandiford  B. S. Kotlia  John Hellstrom  Kusala Rajendran 《Journal of Seismology》2016,20(2):579-594

The central part of the Himalaya (Kumaun and Garhwal Provinces of India) is noted for its prolonged seismic quiescence, and therefore, developing a longer-term time series of past earthquakes to understand their recurrence pattern in this segment assumes importance. In addition to direct observations of offsets in stratigraphic exposures or other proxies like paleoliquefaction, deformation preserved within stalagmites (speleothems) in karst system can be analyzed to obtain continuous millennial scale time series of earthquakes. The Central Indian Himalaya hosts natural caves between major active thrusts forming potential storehouses for paleoseismological records. Here, we present results from the limestone caves in the Kumaun Himalaya and discuss the implications of growth perturbations identified in the stalagmites as possible earthquake recorders. This article focuses on three stalagmites from the Dharamjali Cave located in the eastern Kumaun Himalaya, although two other caves, one of them located in the foothills, were also examined for their suitability. The growth anomalies in stalagmites include abrupt tilting or rotation of growth axes, growth termination, and breakage followed by regrowth. The U-Th age data from three specimens allow us to constrain the intervals of growth anomalies, and these were dated at 4273?±?410 years BP (2673–1853 BC), 2782?±?79 years BP (851–693 BC), 2498?±?117 years BP (605–371 BC), 1503?±?245 years BP (262–752 AD), 1346?±?101 years BP (563–765 AD), and 687?±?147 years BP (1176–1470 AD). The dates may correspond to the timings of major/great earthquakes in the region and the youngest event (1176–1470 AD) shows chronological correspondence with either one of the great medieval earthquakes (1050–1250 and 1259–1433 AD) evident from trench excavations across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust.  相似文献   

Source Apportionment and Geostatistics: An Outstanding Combination for Describing Metals Distribution in Soil          下载免费PDF全文

Kristin Schaefer  Jürgen W. Einax 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(7):877-884

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A conceptual model for the longitudinal distribution of wood in mountain streams     

Ellen Wohl  Kristin Jaeger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(3):329-344

Wood load, channel parameters and valley parameters were surveyed in 50 contiguous stream segments each 25 m in length along 12 streams in the Colorado Front Range. Length and diameter of each piece of wood were measured, and the orientation of each piece was tallied as a ramp, buried, bridge or unattached. These data were then used to evaluate longitudinal patterns of wood distribution in forested headwater streams of the Colorado Front Range, and potential channel‐, valley‐ and watershed‐scale controls on these patterns. We hypothesized that (i) wood load decreases downstream, (ii) wood is non‐randomly distributed at channel lengths of tens to hundreds of meters as a result of the presence of wood jams and (iii) the proportion of wood clustered into jams increases with drainage area as a result of downstream increases in relative capacity of a stream to transport wood introduced from the adjacent riparian zone and valley bottom. Results indicate a progressive downstream decrease in wood load within channels, and correlations between wood load and drainage area, elevation, channel width, bed gradient and total stream power. Results support the first and second hypotheses, but are inconclusive with respect to the third hypothesis. Wood is non‐randomly distributed at lengths of tens to hundreds of meters, but the proportion of pieces in jams reaches a maximum at intermediate downstream distances within the study area. We use these results to propose a conceptual model illustrating downstream trends in wood within streams of the Colorado Front Range. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Poynting Robertson effects due to a logarithmic correction to the Newtonian potential     

Haranas  Ioannis  Gkigkitzis  Ioannis  Cobbett  Kristin  Hovesen  Gregory  Shah  Kay  Gauthier  Ryan  Cavan  Eli 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2021,366(9):1-16

Astrophysics and Space Science - We performed a detailed timing study of the Atoll source 4U 1705-44 in order to understand the accretion disk geometry. Cross correlation function (CCF) studies...  相似文献   

Inner forearc response to subduction of the Panama Fracture Zone,southern Central America     

Kristin D. Morell  Donald M. Fisher  Thomas W. Gardner 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,265(1-2):82-95

Subduction of the right-lateral Panama Fracture Zone, along the convergent margin of Central America creates abrupt lateral variations in convergence rate, obliquity, and subducting crustal thickness at its intersection with the Middle America Trench. This intersection, known as the Panama (CO-NZ-CA) Triple Junction, is migrating to the southeast at a rate of 55 mm/yr, and currently coincides with the lateral termination of the Fila Costeña Thrust Belt in the inner forearc of the overriding plate. Mapping in the inner forearc in the area that straddles the subducting Panama Fracture Zone reveals that Cocos–Caribbean convergence west of the triple junction leads to the development of an inner forearc thrust belt inboard of the colliding Cocos Ridge, while little deformation is evident inboard of Nazca–Caribbean convergence, east of the triple junction. This results in the lateral termination of the Fila Costeña Thrust Belt in the region of the forearc that projects over the Panama Fracture Zone, where four out of five mapped thrust faults tip out and are buried by lahars. Three new balanced cross-sections indicate a steep gradient in shortening from the center of the thrust belt to its southeastern termination. The short-term history of the inner forearc recorded in the landscape and topography of the Fila Costeña is consistent with the southeastward migration of the thrust belt and the Panama Triple Junction throughout the past ～ 3 Ma, with evidence for the growth of a new topographic divide and reorganization of stream channel networks.  相似文献