Haar wavelets as a tool for the statistical characterization of variability     

Ryan Price  Stephane Vincent  Stephan LeBohec   《Astroparticle Physics》2011,34(12):871-877

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Comparison of Mineral Weathering and Biomass Macronutrient Uptake in Two Small Forested Watersheds Underlain by Quartzite Bedrock,Catoctin Mountain,Maryland, USA     

Karen C. Rice  Jason R. Price 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2014,20(2-3):225-242

To quantify chemical weathering and biological uptake, mass-balance calculations were performed on two small forested watersheds located in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province in north-central Maryland, USA. Both watersheds, Bear Branch (BB) and Fishing Creek Tributary (FCT), are underlain by relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock. Such unreactive bedrock and associated low chemical-weathering rates offer the opportunity to quantify biological processes operating within the watershed. Hydrologic and stream-water chemistry data were collected from the two watersheds for the 9-year period from June 1, 1990 to May 31, 1999. Of the two watersheds, FCT exhibited both higher chemical-weathering rates and biomass nutrient uptake rates, suggesting that forest biomass aggradation was limited by the rate of chemical weathering of the bedrock. Although the chemical-weathering rate in the FCT watershed was low relative to the global average, it masked the influence of biomass base-cation uptake on stream-water chemistry. Any differences in bedrock mineralogy between the two watersheds did not exert a significant influence on the overall weathering stoichiometry. The difference in chemical-weathering rates between the two watersheds is best explained by a larger proportion of reactive phyllitic layers within the bedrock of the FCT watershed. Although the stream gradient of BB is about two-times greater than that of FCT, its influence on chemical weathering appears to be negligible. The findings of this study support the biomass nutrient uptake stoichiometry of K_1.0Mg_1.1Ca_0.97 previously determined for the study site. Investigations of the chemical weathering of relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock may provide insight into critical zone processes.  相似文献   

Adsorption and desorption of phosphate on limestone in experiments simulating seawater intrusion     

René M. Price  M. Reza Savabi  Jean L. Jolicoeur  Srikumar Roy 《Applied Geochemistry》2010

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New dates and palaeoenvironmental evidence for the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic occupation of Higueral de Valleja Cave,southern Spain     

R.P. Jennings  F. Giles Pacheco  R.N.E. Barton  S.N. Collcutt  R. Gale  C.P. Gleed-Owen  J.M. Gutiérrez López  T.F.G. Higham  A. Parker  C. Price  E. Rhodes  A. Santiago Pérez  J.L. Schwenninger  E. Turner 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(9-10):830-839

A research programme has been set up at Higueral de Valleja Cave in southern Spain to investigate the late survival and eventual extinction of the southern Iberian Neanderthals and the arrival of modern humans. Of key interest in the first phase of research was to understand the depositional environment in the entrance chamber of the cave and to establish whether palaeoenvironmental and dating samples could be retrieved from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sequences. The outcome is a series of OSL, TL and radiocarbon dates showing that the cave was occupied by Neanderthal populations in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3, if not earlier, and by modern human Solutrean populations during the last glacial maximum. Cave sediments provisionally indicate that the lower Middle Palaeolithic sequence (X–VIII) formed in warm and humid environments and the upper sequence (VIII–V) formed when the climate was cooler and drier. The presence of long grass phytoliths and of the small mammals Microtus duodecimcostatus, Microtus brecciensis and Apodemus sylvaticus in the upper sequence indicates that a range of habitat types persisted near the cave including grassland, scrubby vegetation, patchy tree cover and ponds. This raises the possibility that environmental factors were key factors in the late survival of Neanderthal populations at the cave.  相似文献   

Darkening peaks: glacier retreat, science and society     

Martin Price 《Climatic change》2009,94(3-4):517-520

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An energy-conserving formalism for adaptive gravitational force softening in smoothed particle hydrodynamics and N-body codes     

D. J. Price  J. J. Monaghan 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,374(4):1347-1358

In this paper, we describe an adaptive softening length formalism for collisionless N -body and self-gravitating smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) calculations which conserves momentum and energy exactly. This means that spatially variable softening lengths can be used in N -body calculations without secular increases in energy. The formalism requires the calculation of a small additional term to the gravitational force related to the gradient of the softening length. The extra term is similar in form to the usual SPH pressure force (although opposite in direction) and is therefore straightforward to implement in any SPH code at almost no extra cost. For N -body codes, some additional cost is involved as the formalism requires the computation of the density through a summation over neighbouring particles using the smoothing kernel. The results of numerical tests demonstrate that, for homogeneous mass distributions, the use of adaptive softening lengths gives a softening which is always close to the 'optimal' choice of fixed softening parameter, removing the need for fine-tuning. For a heterogeneous mass distribution (as may be found in any large-scale N -body simulation), we find that the errors on the least-dense component are lowered by an order of magnitude compared to the use of a fixed softening length tuned to the densest component. For SPH codes, our method presents a natural and an elegant choice of softening formalism which makes a small improvement to both the force resolution and the total energy conservation at almost zero additional cost.  相似文献   

The AVOID programme’s new simulations of the global benefits of stringent climate change mitigation     

R. Warren  J. A. Lowe  N. W. Arnell  C. Hope  P. Berry  S. Brown  A. Gambhir  S. N. Gosling  R. J. Nicholls  J. O’Hanley  T. J. Osborn  T. Osborne  J. Price  S. C. B. Raper  G. Rose  J. Vanderwal 《Climatic change》2013,120(1-2):55-70

Quantitative simulations of the global-scale benefits of climate change mitigation are presented, using a harmonised, self-consistent approach based on a single set of climate change scenarios. The approach draws on a synthesis of output from both physically-based and economics-based models, and incorporates uncertainty analyses. Previous studies have projected global and regional climate change and its impacts over the 21st century but have generally focused on analysis of business-as-usual scenarios, with no explicit mitigation policy included. This study finds that both the economics-based and physically-based models indicate that early, stringent mitigation would avoid a large proportion of the impacts of climate change projected for the 2080s. However, it also shows that not all the impacts can now be avoided, so that adaptation would also therefore be needed to avoid some of the potential damage. Delay in mitigation substantially reduces the percentage of impacts that can be avoided, providing strong new quantitative evidence for the need for stringent and prompt global mitigation action on greenhouse gas emissions, combined with effective adaptation, if large, widespread climate change impacts are to be avoided. Energy technology models suggest that such stringent and prompt mitigation action is technologically feasible, although the estimated costs vary depending on the specific modelling approach and assumptions.  相似文献   

The survivability of phyllosilicates and carbonates impacting Stardust Al foils: Facilitating the search for cometary water          下载免费PDF全文

Penelope J. Wozniakiewicz  Hope A. Ishii  Anton T. Kearsley  John P. Bradley  Mark. C. Price  Mark J. Burchell  Nick Teslich  Mike J. Cole 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2015,50(12):2003-2023

Comet 81P/Wild 2 samples returned by NASA's Stardust mission provide an unequalled opportunity to study the contents of, and hence conditions and processes operating on, comets. They can potentially validate contentious interpretations of cometary infrared spectra and in situ mass spectrometry data: specifically the identification of phyllosilicates and carbonates. However, Wild 2 dust was collected via impact into capture media at ~6 km s^?1, leading to uncertainty as to whether these minerals were captured intact, and, if subjected to alteration, whether they remain recognizable. We simulated Stardust Al foil capture conditions using a two‐stage light‐gas gun, and directly compared transmission electron microscope analyses of pre‐ and postimpact samples to investigate survivability of lizardite and cronstedtite (phyllosilicates) and calcite (carbonate). We find the phyllosilicates do not survive impact as intact crystalline materials but as moderately to highly vesiculated amorphous residues lining resultant impact craters, whose bulk cation to Si ratios remain close to that of the impacting grain. Closer inspection reveals variation in these elements on a submicron scale, where impact‐induced melting accompanied by reducing conditions (due to the production of oxygen scavenging molten Al from the target foils) has resulted in the production of native silicon and Fe‐ and Fe‐Si‐rich phases. In contrast, large areas of crystalline calcite are preserved within the calcite residue, with smaller regions of vesiculated, Al‐bearing calcic glass. Unambiguous identification of calcite impactors on Stardust Al foil is therefore possible, while phyllosilicate impactors may be inferred from vesiculated residues with appropriate bulk cation to Si ratios. Finally, we demonstrate that the characteristic textures and elemental distributions identifying phyllosilicates and carbonates by transmission electron microscopy can also be observed by state‐of‐the‐art scanning electron microscopy providing rapid, nondestructive initial mineral identifications in Stardust residues.  相似文献   

Integrated Futures for Europe’s Mountain Regions: Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Human Livelihoods   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jonathan Mitchley  Martin F.Price  Joseph Tzanopoulos 《山地科学学报》2006,(4)

Introduction Europe's mountains cover nearly half of the continent's area (Price et al. 2004) and land cover varies significantly (European Commission 2004). In most massifs, except for Sicily, southern Greece, and the British Isles, forest cover is dominant. In northern Europe, grassland is proportionately more important, and much of the mountains of the British Isles is covered by moorland. In central and southern Europe, arable land is of far greater importance than grassland, with Med…  相似文献   

Characterization of surface storage and runoff patterns following peatland restoration,Quebec, Canada     

M. A. Shantz  J. S. Price 《水文研究》2006,20(18):3799-3814

Blocking drainage ditches and creating bunds to limit surface water losses are important for restoring abandoned peat‐extraction sites in North America. However, these runoff control techniques have not been well characterized, particularly during the snowmelt period. Therefore, patterns of runoff timing and magnitude were evaluated in a peatland (Bois‐des‐Bel, Quebec, Canada) undergoing restoration (restored site), in comparison with an unrestored section of the same peatland (unrestored site). Snowmelt dominated runoff, representing over 79% of the April to August runoff for both sites in 2001. Low (25–35 cm) bunds constructed on the restored site detained water for much of the melt period, but some water loss occurred where bunds were breached. Overland flow and surface ponding were prevalent at the restored site, but were not evident at the unrestored site. At the restored site, the presence of bunds and frozen, saturated (thus impermeable) ground contributed to differences in snowmelt runoff patterns relative to the unrestored site. In the post‐snowmelt period (May–August 2001 and 2002), restored site runoff was reduced to 25% of that lost at the unrestored site. Both hydrometric and chemical hydrograph separation analysis using electrical conductivity indicated that blocked ditches restricted water losses from much of the restored site during the summer months, when the bunds had little effect on runoff. However, discharge peaks were greater at the restored site relative to the unrestored site and generally occurred more quickly following rainfall, because of the wetter antecedent conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献