全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7526篇 |
免费 | 1626篇 |
国内免费 | 2232篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1159篇 |
大气科学 | 1042篇 |
地球物理 | 1464篇 |
地质学 | 4834篇 |
海洋学 | 1012篇 |
天文学 | 179篇 |
综合类 | 608篇 |
自然地理 | 1086篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 47篇 |
2023年 | 177篇 |
2022年 | 479篇 |
2021年 | 513篇 |
2020年 | 396篇 |
2019年 | 509篇 |
2018年 | 436篇 |
2017年 | 399篇 |
2016年 | 402篇 |
2015年 | 457篇 |
2014年 | 480篇 |
2013年 | 555篇 |
2012年 | 652篇 |
2011年 | 613篇 |
2010年 | 650篇 |
2009年 | 604篇 |
2008年 | 522篇 |
2007年 | 559篇 |
2006年 | 494篇 |
2005年 | 398篇 |
2004年 | 346篇 |
2003年 | 274篇 |
2002年 | 320篇 |
2001年 | 272篇 |
2000年 | 208篇 |
1999年 | 108篇 |
1998年 | 74篇 |
1997年 | 73篇 |
1996年 | 43篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 33篇 |
1993年 | 29篇 |
1992年 | 37篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
131.
We interpret the puzzling-ray bursts as emitted by cooling sparks from the surface of spasmodically accreting, old neutron stars. Their spiky, anisotropic radiation is oriented w.r.t. the galactic disk via interstellar accretion, whose orbital angular momentum tends to counteralign with the galactic spin; in this way, larger source numbers in directions of the galactic disk are compensated by smaller beaming probabilities, resulting in a near-isotropic arrival distribution, as observed by BATSE. The source distances range between 10 pc and 500 pc. Their radiated energies are of order 1035 erg, corresponding to accreted clumps (blades) of typical mass 1015 g per burst. Magnetic surface field strengths range between 1010 and 1012 G, somewhat weaker than those of newborn neutron stars. 相似文献
132.
Many applied dispersion models require the knowledge of boundary-layer parameters such as sensible heat flux,Q
H
, friction velocity,u
*, and turbulent energy components, w and
v
. Formulas are suggested for calculating these parameters over a wide variety of types of ground surfaces, based on simple observations of wind speed near the ground and fractional cloud cover, and specification of constants such as roughness length, albedo, and soil moisture availability. Observations ofu
*,Q
H
,
w
, and
v
during field experiments in St. Louis and Indianapolis are used to test the formulas for urban sites. Relative errors of about ±20% in the predictions are seen to occur whenu
*,Q
H
,
w
, and
v
are large. However, when these quantities are small (e.g.,u
* < 0.2 m/s), the errors in the predictions are as large as the mean value of the quantity itself.In addition, it is concluded from studies of available field data and theories that the magnitude of
w
is not well-known at elevations above about 100m during the late afternoon and night. Some simple parameterizations for
w
. are suggested that are consistent with the observed steady decrease in ground-level concentration in the afternoon and the sudden increase in concentration that can occur a few hours after sunset due to wind shears associated with a low-level jet, for continuous plumes emitted from moderate to tall stacks. 相似文献
133.
134.
135.
从土地征用基本概念和基本特征着手,描述了土地征用的主要风险,其表现为土地征用权力滥用、侵害失地农民的权益、诱发集体土地黑市、诱发社会矛盾等方面。分析了产生风险的“公共利益需要”缺乏明确界定、土地征用的补偿标准偏低或滞后、土地征用及相关制度不健全或存在缺陷等主要原因。提出了控制与规避风险的对策与措施:严格限定公益性用地范围,提高征地补偿标准,扩大补偿范围,完善相关制度,严格土地征用程序。 相似文献
136.
国内外旅游解说研究进展综述 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
本文对国外旅游解说系统研究从旅游解说的起源、原理、内涵、框架、功能、受众类型、解说方式、解说规划等方面进行了全面的总结,综合了国内旅游研究的研究现状与趋势。寻找出国内解说研究与国外解说研究的差距,借此推动国内的旅游解说系统研究,从而更好地为旅游规划、旅游业的可持续发展和游客管理服务。 相似文献
137.
Debris flows have caused serious loss of human lives and a lot of damage to properties in Taiwan over the past decades. Moreover, debris flows have brought massive mud causing water pollution in reservoirs and resulted in water shortage for daily life locally and affected agricultural irrigation and industrial usages seriously. A number of methods for prediction of debris flows have been studied. However, the successful prediction ratio of debris flows cannot always maintain a stable and reliable level. The objective of this study is to present a stable and reliable analytical model for occurrence predictions of debris flows. This study proposes an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model that was constructed by seven significant factors using back-propagation (BP) algorithm. These seven factors include (1) length of creek, (2) average slope, (3) effective watershed area, (4) shape coefficient, (5) median size of soil grain, (6) effective cumulative rainfall, and (7) effective rainfall intensity. A total of 178 potential cases of debris flows collected in eastern Taiwan were fed into the ANN model for training and testing. The average ratio of successful prediction reaching 93.82% demonstrates that the presented ANN model with seven significant factors can provide a stable and reliable result for the prediction of debris flows in hazard mitigation and guarding systems. 相似文献
138.
Substantial damage to water supply systems, including water delivery pipelines, water treatment plants, reservoirs, and water
storage tanks, was reported after the 1999 Chi–Chi Taiwan Earthquake. This paper first summarizes the damage survey and then
presents the results of seismic fragility analysis for underground pipelines. Construction blueprints of the water delivery
pipelines and repair work orders of 11 townships and cities in the disastrous area were digitized into a Geographical Information
System (GIS) for analysis and assessment. With the aid of the GIS system, we found that PVC pipes made up 86% of water delivery
pipelines while steel, cast iron, ductile iron, PE and others took the rest. Therefore, this paper focuses on the fragility
analysis of PVC pipes. Three different methods were applied to derive the fragility relations between the PVC water pipes
having nominal diameters (approximately inner diameters) greater than or equal to 65 mm and earthquake intensity parameters
such as peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity. The results were then examined with those of other countries. The
discrepancy between our results and the empirical equation used by HAZUS, an earthquake loss estimation software developed
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency was not significant. 相似文献
139.
140.