Report of study group no. 12     

W. D. Lambert 《Journal of Geodesy》1956,30(4):32-38

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Model calculations of the thermal fields of subducting lithospheric slabs and partial melting     

L.J. Sydora  F.W. Jones  R.St.J. Lambert 《Tectonophysics》1980,62(3-4)

A new numerical model that simulates a downgoing slab is used to study the conditions required to produce melting on its upper surface. Models with dip angles of 26.6° and 45°, rates of subduction of 0.7 and 5.6 cm y⁻¹, varying heat sources and rising material from the top of the slab are included. The results indicate that melting will not be greatly affected by dip angle, though the rate of subduction and the amount of shearstrain heating are important. When melting occurs, material rising from the top of the slab may produce high heat flow values at the surface of the earth on the continental side of the ocean trench, if the process continues sufficiently long. The sinking slab produces a positive gravity anomaly on the continental side of subduction, which is reduced in amplitude when rising material is present.  相似文献   

Determination of210Pb in volcanic gases and210Pb,226Ra,238U in lavas by non-destructive gamma-ray spectrometry     

Y. Yokoyama  H. Van Nguyen  G. Lambert 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1982,45(3):265-266

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Sulphur isotope studies of the Mount Gunson copper deposits,Pernatty Lagoon,South Australia     

T. H. Donnelly  I. B. Lambert  D. H. Dale 《Mineralium Deposita》1972,7(3):314-322

The Mount Gunson copper deposits occur in essentially unmetamorphosed gently-folded Upper Proterozoic sediments, far from any known igneous intrusions. They consist of a number of small ore bodies which can be divided into two groups on the basis of differences in location, texture and mineralogy. The groups are here termed the off-lagoon deposits, which are extensively oxidized and occur in low hills to the west of Pernatty Lagoon, and the lagoon deposits, which are not significantly oxidized and occur in basins of permeable bedrock under the lagoon floor. The topography and drainage of this region appear to have altered little since the Tertiary. This paper presents the results of a sulphur isotope ratio study of sulphide minerals, groundwaters and gypsum samples from the mineralized areas. The isotope ratios recorded for the lagoon sulphides provide an example of the pattern predicted for metal sulphide precipitation due to bacterial reduction of sulphate in an environment with limited replenishment of sulphate. This finding is in accord with the suggestion that the copper sulphides were precipitated during recent geological times in groundwater traps in the permeable bedrock under the lagoon. However, sulphate from groundwater and gypsum in the lagoon is not enriched in the S³⁴ isotope, and hence it is concluded that no significant bacterial reduction of sulphate is occurring in the areas examined at the present time. The isotope ratios recorded for the off-lagoon sulphides, in contrast, fall in a narrower range. They can be interpreted to reflect metal sulphide precipitation by bacterial reduction of sulphate in a fairly open system, with considerable replenishment of sulphate, but they provide no information concerning the time of this precipitation. Mineralogical studies of the sulphide samples show that individual samples contain a mixture of sulphide minerals and that one mineral is usually dominant. It appears, for samples with co-existing chalcopyrite and djurleite, that S³⁴ is preferentially enriched in the chalcopyrite.

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Zusammenfassung Die Mount Gunson-Kupferlagerstätten finden sich in im wesentlichen nicht metamorphisierten, schwach gefalteten ober-proterozoischen Sedimenten, weit entfernt von irgendwelchen bekannten Intrusiven. Sie bestehen aus einer Reihe kleiner Erzkörper, die sich auf Grund ihrer Unterschiede in bezug auf ihren Fundort, ihr Gefüge und ihre Mineralogie in zwei Gruppen unterteilen lassen. Diese beiden Gruppen werden hier als Off-Lagoon-Lagerstätten, die weitgehend oxidiert sind und in niedrigen Hügeln westlich von der Pernatty Lagoon vorkommen, beziehungsweise als Lagoon-Lagerstätten, die nicht significant oxidiert sind und in Becken permeablen Gesteins unter dem Lagunenboden gefunden werden, bezeichnet. Die Topographie und die Abflußverhältnisse scheinen sich in dieser Region seit dem Tertiär nur wenig verändert zu haben. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Ergebnisse einer Analyse der Schwefelisotopen-Verhältnisse von Sulfiden, Grundwasser- und Gips-Proben aus den mineralisierten Bereichen. Die für die Lagunen-Sulfide registrierten Isotopenverhältnisse sind ein Beispiel der für die Metallsulfid-Ausfällung auf Grund von bakterieller Sulfatzufuhr zu erwartenden Verteilung. Dieser Befund stimmt mit der Vorstellung, daß die Kupfersulfide während rezenter geologischer Zeiten in Grundwasserspeichern innerhalb des permeablen Gesteins unter der Lagune ausgefällt worden sind, überein. Die Sulfate aus dem Grundwasser und Gips der Lagune sind jedoch nicht mit dem Isotop S³⁴ angereichert, woraus der Schluß gezogen wird, daß in den untersuchten Gebieten gegenwärtig keine wesentliche bakterielle Reduktion von Sulfaten stattfindet. Im Gegensatz dazu fallen die für die Off-Lagoon-Lagerstätten-Sulfide registrierten Isotopen-Verhältnisse in einen engeren Streuungsbereich. Sie können als Darstellung von Metall-Sulfid-Ausfällung durch bakterielle Reduktion von Sulfaten in einem ziemlich offenen System mit erheblichem Sulfat-Nachschub gedeutet werden, geben aber keine Auskunft über den Zeitpunkt dieser Präzipitation. Mineralogische Untersuchungen der Sulfid-Proben zeigen, daß die einzelnen Proben eine Mischung von Sulfid-Mineralien enthalten und daß gewöhnlich ein Mineral überwiegt. In Proben, die sowohl Kupferkies als auch Djurleit enthalten, scheint S³⁴ vorzugsweise im Kupferkies angereichert zu sein.

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Die Einschichtung der Rhone im Genfersee: Ergebnisse von Strömungsmessungen im August 1983     

Federico Von Giovanoli  André Lambert 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1985,47(2):159-178

Results obtained by means of an ultrasonic current meter in the plume of the Rhone river are summarized as follows:

1. Currents of Rhone river water entering the lake were clearly discernible up to a distance of about 1 km from the river mouth. The interflow was observed at depth of 10 to 30 m.
2. Interflow velocities decreased with increasing distance from the river mouth: from 40cm/s at a distance of 350 m to about 15 cm/s at 1 km.
3. Short-term variations of current velocities and directions documented the highly turbulent nature of the interflow.
4. The entering river water (inflow direction to the NNW) interfered with a persisting northeastward current of the lake water. At a distance of 1–2 km from the mouth the interflow gradually assumed the same direction, possibly due to deflection by Coriolis forces.
5. Current velocities showed considerable variations within a time scale in the order of hours at the same measuring position. The reasons for these fluctuations remain unclear. Possible causes may be lateral oscillations of the entering river water or its deviation by river mouth bars during periods of reduced river discharge. Variations of the discharge alone cannot explain these current fluctuations.

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Shock effects on hydrous minerals and implications for carbonaceous meteorites     

Manfred A. Lange  Philippe Lambert  Thomas J. Ahrens 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(8):1715-1726

New infrared absorption spectra, thermo-gravimetric analyses and optical-and scanning electron microscopy of shock-recovered specimens of antigorite serpentine (Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄) from the pressure range between 25 to 59 GPa are reported. The infrared spectra show systematic changes in absorption peaks related to structural and molecular surface absorbed water. H₂O absorption peaks increase at the expense of OH peaks with increasing shock pressure. Changes in SiO bond vibrational modes with increasing shock pressure parallel those seen for other, non-hydrous minerals. Thermogravimetric analyses of shock-recovered samples determine the amount of shock-induced water loss. For samples shocked in vented assemblies, the data define a relation between shock-induced water loss versus shock pressure. Results for samples shocked in sealed assemblies demonstrate a dependence of water loss on shock pressure and target confinement. For the vented assembly samples, a linear relation between shock pressure and both the length of dehydration interval and the effective activation energy for releasing post-shock structural water in antigorite is found. Optical and scanning electron miscroscopy of shocked antigorite reveal a number of textures thought to be unique to shock loading of volatile-bearing minerals. Gas bubbles, which probably are the result of shock-released H₂O appear to be injected into zones of partial melting. This process may produce the vesicular dark veins which are distributed throughout heavily shocked samples. The present observations suggest several criteria which may constrain possible shock histories of the hydrous matrix phases of carbonaceous condrites. A model is proposed for explaining hydrous alteration processes occurring on carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies in the course of their accretion. We speculate that shock loading of hydrous minerals would release and redistribute free water in the regoliths of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies giving rise to the observed hydrous alterations.  相似文献   

Genesis of copper mineralisation,Myall Creek prospect,South Australia     

Ian B. Lambert  Janice Knutson  Terrence H. Donnelly  Hashem Etminan  Malcolm G. Mason 《Mineralium Deposita》1984,19(4):266-273

The Myall Creek copper prospect is in unmetamorphosed carbonaceous dolosiltstone and sandstone at the base of the late Proterozoic (Adelaidean) Tapley Hill Formation. It contains disseminated, fine-grained chalcopyrite, zincian tennanite, bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena, and irregular to straight chalcopyrite-rich veinlets. Some ore minerals rim and/or partially replace pyrite or clastic grains. There is no evidence of hydrothermal activity. The ³⁴S_CDT values of pyrite and the other sulfides fall in the wide range –3.6 to +44.2. Dolomite in both mineralised and unmineralised samples has ¹³C_PDB values concentrated around –3, and ¹⁸O_SMOW values around +25. It is concluded that the mineralising fluids were near-neutral brines which leached metals from the basement and early Adelaidean rocks. They entered the Tapley Hill sediments at moderately low temperatures via permeable strata and faults. The metals were precipitated by biogenic H₂S, and also fixed by reaction with iron sulfides and, possibly, organic matter. Continuing ascent of brines into the mineralised strata caused breakdown of detrital feldspars and Fe-Ti oxides, and some solution-remobilisation of early-formed sulfides.  相似文献   

Interaction of relativistic dust grains with the solar radiation field     

B. McBreen  S. Plunkett  C. J. Lambert 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,205(2):355-358

The effects of the solar radiation field on the propagation of relativistic dust grains are evaluated. It is concluded that relativistic iron grains with energies 10¹⁹ eV will melt in the solar radiation field before they reach the Earth's orbit around the Sun. However iron grains with lower energies will reach the Earth's orbit but grains travelling from the direction of the Sun will melt. This directional anisotropy or fingerprint may be used to search for relativistic dust grains in the primary cosmic rays. The fact that no significant solar system anisotropy has been detected places constraints on the hypothesis that the initiating particles of the extensive air showers are relativistic iron grains.  相似文献   

Monitoring Changes of Ice Streams Using Time Series of Satellite-Altimetry-Based Digital Terrain Models     

Ute C. Herzfeld  Craig S. Lingle  Cecily Freeman  Chris A. Higginson  Michael P. Lambert  Li-Her Lee  Vera A. Voronina 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(7):859-890

The Antarctic Ice Sheet plays a major role in the global system, and the large ice streams discharging into the circumpolar sea represent its gateways to the world's oceans. Satellite radar altimeter data provide an opportunity for mapping surface elevation at kilometer-resolution with meter-accuracy. Geostatistical methods have been developed for the analysis of these data. Applications to Seasat data and data from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission indicate that the grounding line of Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf, the largest ice stream in East Antarctica, has advanced 10–12 km between 1978 and 1987–89. The objectives of this paper are to explore possibilities and limitations of satellite-altimetry-based mapping to capture changes for shorter time windows and for smaller areas, and to investigate some methodological aspects of the data analysis. We establish that one season of radar altimeter data is sufficient for constructing a map. This allows study of interannual variation and is the key for a time-series analysis approach to study changes in ice streams. Maps of the lower Lambert Glacier and the entire Amery Ice Shelf are presented for austral winters 1978, 1987, 1988, and 1989. As a first step toward understanding the dynamics of the ice-stream/ice-shelf system, elevation changes are calculated for grounded ice, the grounding zone, and floating ice. In the absence of (sufficient) surface gravity control for the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf area, altimetry-based maps may facilitate improvement of geoid models as they provide constraints on the terrain correction in the inverse gravimetric problem.  相似文献   

Petrology and geochemistry of the archean rocks of the malton gneiss complex,British Columbia     

V.E. Chamberlain  R.St.J. Lambert  J.G. Holland 《Precambrian Research》1980,11(1):1-9

Hornblendic and felsic groups of Archean age and each of broadly similar geochemical composition across the Malton Gneiss Complex southeast of Valemount, Bristish Columbia, show detailed mineralogical and chemical variations from one geographical district to another. The complex appears to be composed of meta-igneous rocks which were originally developed as petrologically discrete units on a roughly 10-km scale, but which all belonged to one similar petrographic province. Overall they are characterized by rather high immobile trace and alkali element abundances. Their nearest geochemical equivalent appear to be found in the grey gneiss complexes of the North Atlantic Craton rather than in the granite-greenstone complexes of the Canadian Shield, but no other Archean complex possesses their overall characteristics. Some similarities in A-F-M and Q-Ab-Or content of these gneisses and those of the Laramie Range, Wyoming, are noted.  相似文献