Soil erosion susceptibility assessment and validation using a geostatistical multivariate approach: a test in Southern Sicily   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Christian Conoscenti  Cipriano Di Maggio  Edoardo Rotigliano 《Natural Hazards》2008,46(3):287-305

A certain number of studies have been carried out in recent years that aim at developing and applying a model capable of assessing water erosion of soil. Some of these have tried to quantitatively evaluate the volumes of soil loss, while others have focused their efforts on the recognition of the areas most prone to water erosion processes. This article presents the results of a research whose objective was that of evaluating water erosion susceptibility in a Sicilian watershed: the Naro river basin. A geomorphological study was carried out to recognize the water erosion landforms and define a set of parameters expressing both the intensity of hydraulic forces and the resistance of rocks/soils. The landforms were mapped and classified according to the dominant process in landsurfaces affected by diffuse or linear water erosion. A GIS layer was obtained by combining six determining factors (bedrock lithology, land use, soil texture, plan curvature, stream power index and slope-length factor) in unique conditions units. A geostatistical multivariate approach was applied by analysing the relationships between the spatial distributions of the erosion landforms and the unique condition units. Particularly, the density of eroded area for each combination of determining factors has been calculated: such function corresponds, in fact, to the conditional probability of erosion landforms to develop, under the same geoenvironmental conditions. In light of the obtained results, a general geomorphologic model for water erosion in the Naro river basin can be depicted: cultivated areas in clayey slopes, having fine-medium soil texture, are the most prone to be eroded; linear or diffuse water erosion processes dominate where the topography is favourable to a convergent or divergent runoff, respectively. For each of the two erosion process types, a susceptibility map was produced and submitted to a validation procedure based on a spatial random partition strategy. Both the success of the validation procedure of the susceptibility models and the geomorphological coherence of the relationships between factors and process that such models suggest, confirm the reliability of the method and the goodness of the predictions.  相似文献   

Environmental hydrogeology of the southern sector of the Samborombon Bay wetland,Argentina     

Eleonora Carol  Eduardo Kruse  Jorge Pousa 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(1):95-102

The Samborombon Bay wetland is located on the west margin of the Rio de la Plata estuary, in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This paper analyses the geological, geomorphologic, soil and vegetation characteristics of the southernmost sector of this wetland and their influence on surface water and groundwater. The study area presents three hydrologic units: coastal dunes, sand sheets and coastal plain. Coastal dunes and sand sheets are recharge zones of high permeability with well-drained, non-saline soils, and a few surface water flows. Changes in the water table are related to rainfall. Groundwater in coastal dunes is Ca–Mg–HCO₃ to Na–HCO₃, and of low salinity (590 mg/l). Groundwater in sand sheets is mainly Na–HCO₃ with a salinity of about 1,020 mg/l. The coastal plain exhibits medium to low permeability sediments, with submerged saline soils poorly drained. Groundwater is Na–Cl with a mean salinity of 16,502 mg/l. A surface hydrological network develops in the coastal plain. Surface water levels near the shoreline are affected by tidal fluctuations; far from the shoreline water accumulates because of poor drainage. Both sectors have Na–Cl water, but the former is more saline. Human intervention and sea level rise may affect the wetland severely.  相似文献   

Interference of Multiple Strip Footings on Sand Using Small Scale Model Tests   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Jyant Kumar  Manas Kumar Bhoi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(4):469-477

By using small scale model tests, the interference effect on the vertical load-deformation behavior of a number of equally spaced strip footings, placed on the surface of dry sand, was investigated. At any stage, all the footings were assumed to (i) carry exactly equal magnitude of load, and (ii) settle to the same extent. No tilt of the footing was permitted. The effect of clear spacing (s) among footings on the results was explored. A new experimental setup was proposed in which only one footing needs to be employed rather than a number of footings. The bearing capacity increases continuously with decrease in spacing among the footings. The interference effect becomes further prominent with increase in soil friction angle. In contrast to an increase in the bearing capacity, with decrease in spacing of footings, an increase in the footing settlement associated with the ultimate state of shear failure was observed. The present experimental observations were similar to those predicted by the available theory, based on the method of characteristics. As compared to the theory, the present experimental data, however, indicates much greater effect of interference especially for larger spacing among footings.  相似文献   

Analysis of the 2003 Varunawat Landslide,Uttarkashi, India using Earth Observation data     

K. Vinod kumar  R. C. Lakhera  Tapas R. Martha  R. S. Chatterjee  A. Bhattacharya 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(4):789-799

Mass movements such as landslides in mountainous terrains are natural degradation processes and one of the most important landscape-building factors. Varunawat Parbat overlooking Uttarkashi town witnessed a series of landslides on 23 September 2003 and the debris slides and rock falls continued for 2 weeks. This landslide complex was triggered due to the incessant rainfall prior to the event, and its occurrence led to the blockage of the pilgrim route to Gangotri (source of the Ganges river) and evacuation of thousands of people to safer places. Though there was no loss of lives due to timely evacuation, heavy losses to the property were reported. High-resolution stereoscopic earth observation data were acquired after the incidence to study the landslide in detail with emphasis on the cause of the landslide and mode of failure. Areas along the road and below the Varunawat foothill region are mapped for landslide risk. It was found that the foothill region of the Varunawat Parbat was highly disturbed by man-made activities and houses are dangerously located below steep slopes. The potential zones for landslides along with the existing active and old landslides are mapped. These areas are critical and their treatment with priority is required in order to minimise further landslide occurrences.  相似文献   

Finite Element Modeling of Swelling Soil Pressures Using Joint/Interface Elements     

Ahmet Şenol  Mustafa Aytekin 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(3):313-321

There could be some discontinuities in a soil media such as layers, earth structures, cracks, and fissures so that estimation of stresses and deformations in these types of soil masses are somewhat different from continuous masses. The discontinuities in a soil mass could be considered as a special link between two blocks. Transmitted swelling pressures affected by the soil properties of the backfill especially at the interface between the backfill and retaining wall. In order to estimate the transmitted swelling pressure distribution behind a retaining wall, using with interface element, a new finite element model and a code (SWELPRES) have been developed. To evaluate the effect of backfill characteristics and interface element from the transmitted lateral swelling pressures, four cases of thickness of backfills with or without interface elements are investigated.  相似文献   

Monitoring Large-Scale Tests for Nuclear Waste Disposal     

Eduardo E. Alonso  Sarah M. Springman  Charles W. W. Ng 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(6):817-826

Two large-scale “in situ” demonstration experiments and their instrumentation are described. The first test (FEBEX Experiment) involves the hydration of a compacted bentonite barrier under the combined effect of an inner source of heat and an outer water flow from the confining saturated granite rock. In the second case, the progressive de-saturation of Opalinus clay induced by maintained ventilation of an unlined tunnel is analyzed. The paper shows the performance of different sensors (capacitive cells, psychrometers, TDR’s) and a comparison of fill behaviour with modelling results. The long term performance of some instruments could also be evaluated specially in the case of FEBEX test. Capacitive sensors provide relative humidity data during long transient periods characterised by very large variations of suction within the bentonite.  相似文献   

墨西哥湾GC238区冷泉碳酸盐岩的微结构与石化微生物特征     

杜江峰  刘招君  张雷  张健  任玉学  贺君玲  王建东 《沉积学报》2008,26(1):61-69

采于墨西哥湾GC238海底天然气渗漏区浅表层的冷泉碳酸盐岩呈结核状产出,由方解石微晶和胶结物及少量的黄铁矿构成。胶结物由直径为0.1～0.5 m的方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成,充填于方解石晶体之间。冷泉碳酸盐岩结核下表面发育有由方解石化的球体、卵形体、棒状体组成的薄层,其中的一些球状集合体（约5 m）断面显示发育有核和外壳的层圈结构。黄铁矿呈草莓状,也具有相似的层圈结构。这种层状结构与活体古细菌被硫酸盐还原细菌包裹的层圈结构相似。样品中所保存的球体、卵形体、棒状体及其所组成的层圈结构可能是石化的甲烷氧化古细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌。  相似文献   

延边东部五道沟岩群的单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 年代学及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

逄 伟孙景贵  门兰静陈 雷 陈 冬 常 艳 梁树能 张 朋 聂喜涛 《中国地质》2008,35(6):1178-1184

通过对延边地区东部五道沟岩群黑云阳起石片岩的单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定.获得21个单点年龄,其中包括7组谐和年龄和1组不谐和年龄.谐和年龄分别为1347.8 Ma、844.8 Ma、340.2～313.7 Ma(平均值为323±23 Ma,N=4,MSWD=0.23,置信度=0.88)、292.9～288.3 Ma(平均值=291±25 Ma,N=3,MSWD=0.031.置信度=0.86)、279.2～266.2 Ma(平均值为279±28 Ma,N=4,MSWD=0.031,置信度=0.86)、127.4～124.2 Ma(206Pb/208U年龄平均值为126.5±3.7 Ma,N=5,MSWD=0.12;置信度=O.97)、116.1～106.3 Ma(平均值为115±39 Ma,N=2,MSWD=1.2置信度=0.27),不谐和年龄的下交点年龄为(451±120)Ma、上交点年龄为(1811±400)Ma(MSWD=7.2);这一结果表明:阳起石片岩的原岩主要是来自中元古代、新元古代和早古生代的碎屑物,指示五道沟群的沉积成岩作用发生在石炭世(323±23 Ma),变质作用发生在晚二叠世(291±25 Ma),之后在279.2～266.2 Ma、126.5～106.3 Ma先后受两次岩浆用和蚀变作用的改造.  相似文献   

沸石强化过滤的中试及生产性试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丁磊  王萍 《矿物学报》2008,28(3)

对新型水处理材料沸石强化常规给水处理工艺进行了中试和生产性试验,并与石英砂滤料做了对比.中试结果表明粒径为0.80-1.20mm沸石对浊度、氨氮、有机物都表现出良好的去除效果,过滤时的水头损失、反冲洗强度明显小于石英砂,不仅能满足反冲洗要求,还可节省反冲洗水量,降低运行成本.在生产性试验条件下,沸石对浊度、氨氮、耗氧量的去除率分别为95%、83%和39%.因此,在当前水源水遭到污染的情况下,用沸石替代石英砂滤料可明显改善水质,在不增加处理构筑物的情况下,对给水处理工艺可起到强化作用  相似文献   

织金一带地质构造的基本格架及其特征     

李伦勇  李磊  赵泽雪  李祥坤 《贵州地质》2008,25(1):35-40

根据织金一带以断裂为主体,褶皱相伴的北东向构造组合特征,将其归结为"一带、一区、一群"的基本构造格架.简述了各褶断带几何形态和构造形迹组合及动力学特征和成生顺序,指出该区地质构造是燕山运动的产物.  相似文献