Migration pattern of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) on the Swedish west coast     

Pihl  Leif; Ulmestrand  Mats 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1993,50(1):63-70

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On the supposed anticorrelation of solar polar and equatorial rotation rates     

Thomas L. Duvall Jr.  Leif Svalgaard 《Solar physics》1978,56(2):463-466

Howard and Harvey (1970) analyzed Mt. Wilson Doppler shifts to obtain a daily measure of the Sun's differential rotation. The data were fitted to give an angular velocity of the form = a + b sin² B + c sin⁴ B (B = heliographic latitude). Changes in a, b, c were found to be correlated (Howard and Harvey, 1970). Yoshimura (1972) used the anticorrelation of the b and c parameters to infer the existence of large-scale convection. Wolff (1975) used the b-c anticorrelation and a weak correlation between a and b to infer that variations of the Sun's polar and equatorial rotation rates are anticorrelated. In this paper, the anticorrelation of b and c is shown to be due to numerical coupling.  相似文献   

Radiative transfer corrections for accurate spectroscopic measurements of volcanic gas emissions   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Christoph Kern  Tim Deutschmann  Leif Vogel  Markus Wöhrbach  Thomas Wagner  Ulrich Platt 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(2):233-247

There is widespread use of passive remote sensing techniques to quantify trace gas column densities in volcanic plumes utilizing scattered sunlight as a light source. Examples include passive DOAS, COSPEC, and the SO₂ camera. In order to calculate trace gas concentrations or volcanic emission fluxes, knowledge about the optical path through the plume is necessary. In the past, a straight photon path through the plume has always been assumed although it was known that this is not always true. Here we present the results of model studies conducted specifically to quantify the effects of realistic radiative transfer in and around volcanic plumes on ground-based remote sensing measurements of SO₂. The results show that measurements conducted without additional information on average photon paths can be inaccurate under certain conditions, with possible errors spanning more than an order of magnitude. Both over and underestimation of the true column density can occur. Actual errors depend on parameters such as distance between instrument and plume, plume SO₂ concentration, plume aerosol load, as well as aerosol conditions in the ambient atmosphere. As an example, a measurement conducted with an SO₂ camera is discussed, the results of which can only be correctly interpreted if realistic radiative transfer is considered. Finally, a method is presented which for the first time allows the retrieval of actual average photon paths in spectroscopic (i.e. DOAS) measurements of adequate resolution. By allowing for a wavelength dependent column density during the evaluation of DOAS measurements, we show how radiative transfer effects can be corrected using information inherently available in the measured spectra, thus greatly enhancing the accuracy of DOAS measurements of volcanic emissions.  相似文献   

Three‐dimensional inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data     

Michael S. Zhdanov  Masashi Endo  Leif H. Cox  Martin Čuma  Johnathan Linfoot  Chris Anderson  Noel Black  Alexander V. Gribenko 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(3):552-572

A towed streamer electromagnetic system capable of simultaneous seismic and electromagnetic data acquisition has recently been developed and tested in the North Sea. We introduce a 3D inversion methodology for towed streamer electromagnetic data that includes a moving sensitivity domain. Our implementation is based on the 3D integral equation method for computing responses and Fréchet derivatives and uses the re‐weighted regularized conjugate gradient method for minimizing the objective functional with focusing regularization. We present two model studies relevant to hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. First, we demonstrate the ability of a towed electromagnetic system to detect and characterize the Harding field, a medium‐sized North Sea hydrocarbon target. We compare our 3D inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data with 3D inversion of conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic data and observe few differences between the recovered models. Second, we demonstrate the ability of a towed streamer electromagnetic system to detect and characterize the Peon discovery, which is representative of an infrastructure‐led shallow gas play in the North Sea. We also present an actual case study for the 3D inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data from the Troll field in the North Sea and demonstrate our ability to image all the Troll West Oil and Gas Provinces and the Troll East Gas Province. We conclude that 3D inversion of data from the current generation of towed streamer electromagnetic systems can adequately recover hydrocarbon‐bearing formations to depths of approximately 2 km. We note that by obviating the need for ocean‐bottom receivers, the towed streamer electromagnetic system enables electromagnetic data to be acquired over very large areas in frontier and mature basins for higher acquisition rates and relatively lower cost than conventional marine controlled‐source electromagnetic methods.  相似文献   

Halogen oxide measurements at Masaya Volcano,Nicaragua using active long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy     

Christoph Kern  Holger Sihler  Leif Vogel  Claudia Rivera  Martha Herrera  Ulrich Platt 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(6):659-670

Active Long Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) measurements of halogen oxides were conducted at Masaya Volcano, in Nicaragua from April 14 to 26, 2007. The active LP-DOAS system allowed night-time halogen measurements and reduced the ClO detection limit by an order of magnitude when compared to previous passive DOAS measurements, as wavelengths below 300 nm could be used for the DOAS retrievals. BrO was detected with an average BrO/SO₂ molecular ratio of approximately 3 × 10⁻⁵ during the day. However, BrO values were below the detection limit of the instrument for all night-time measurements, a strong indication that BrO is not directly emitted, but rather the result of photochemical formation in the plume itself according to the autocatalytic “bromine explosion” mechanism. Despite the increased sensitivity, both ClO and OClO could not be detected. The achieved upper limits for the X/SO₂ ratios were 5 × 10⁻³ and 7 × 10⁻⁶, respectively. A rough calculation suggests that ClO and OClO should be present at similar abundances in volcanic plumes. Since the DOAS technique is orders of magnitude more sensitive for OClO than for ClO, this indicates that OClO should always be detectable in plumes in which ClO is found. However, further LP-DOAS studies are needed to conclusively clarify the role of chlorine oxides in volcanic plumes.  相似文献   

On the modifications of near-inertial waves at fronts: implications for energy transfer across scales   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Leif N. Thomas 《Ocean Dynamics》2017,67(10):1335-1350

In the ocean, wind-generated kinetic energy (KE) manifests itself primarily in balanced currents and near-inertial waves. The dynamics of these flows is strongly constrained by the Earth’s rotation, causing the KE in balanced currents to follow an inverse cascade but also preventing wave-wave interactions from fluxing energy in the near-inertial band to lower frequencies and higher vertical wavenumbers. How wind-generated KE is transferred to small-scale turbulence and dissipated is thus a non-trivial problem. This article presents a review of recent theoretical calculations and numerical simulations that demonstrate how some surprising modifications to internal wave physics by the lateral density gradients present at ocean fronts allow for strong interactions between balanced currents and near-inertial waves that ultimately result in energy loss for both types of motion.  相似文献   

Mesozoic rift magmatism in the North Sea region: <Superscript>40</Superscript>Ar/<Superscript>39</Superscript>Ar geochronology of Scanian basalts and geochemical constraints     

Ingemar Bergelin  Karsten Obst  Ulf Söderlund  Kent Larsson  Leif Johansson 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(4):787-804

More than 100 volcanic necks composed of basanites and melanephelinites occur in Scania, southern Sweden, at the junction of two major tectonic lineaments, the Phanerozoic Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ) and the Proterozoic Protogine Zone. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotope analyses of whole rock fragments of nine selected basalt necks suggest that the Mesozoic alkaline volcanism in the Scanian province commenced earlier than previously reported and comprised three separate volcanic episodes that span a total period of ca. 80 Myr: a first Jurassic (191–178 Ma), a second at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (ca. 145 Ma), and a final middle Cretaceous episode (ca. 110 Ma). The new results allow for precise time correlations between eruption events in the Scanian and those in the North Sea volcanic provinces. The older, early Jurassic event in Scania is largely synchronous with that in the Egersund Basin and the Forties field whereas the event at ca. 145 Ma is correlated with activity in the Central Graben. These volcanic episodes also correlate in age with Kimmerian tectonic activity. Volcanic activity in the middle Cretaceous period has also been dated in the triple junction in the North Sea and offshore in the Netherland Sector. The correlation of basalt volcanism in Scania with the Egersund nephelinites strongly suggest that volcanism was triggered by repeated tectonic activity along the STZ. Geochemical data of alkaline mafic rocks in the Scanian and the North Sea volcanic provinces imply that different provinces have largely unique geochemical signatures in favour of a heterogeneous mantle in the North Sea volcanic region. However, basalts of different generations in one and the same province cannot be readily separated on the basis of geochemistry, suggesting that the same lithospheric mantle was the source of repeated volcanism over time in each province. The data suggest a low degree of melting of a volatile-bearing mantle lherzolite enriched in incompatible elements with the exception of the Forties basalts in the rift centre, produced by larger degree of melting and evolved by fractional crystallization.  相似文献   

Storminess variation during the last 6500 years as reconstructed from an ombrotrophic peat bog in Halland,southwest Sweden     

Rixt de Jong  Svante Bjrck  Leif Bjrkman  Lars B. Clemmensen 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(8):905-919

Cores taken from an ombrotrophic peat bog in the coastal zone of Halland, southwest Sweden, were examined for wind transported mineral grains, pollen and humidity indicators. The core covers the period from 6500 cal. yr BP to present. Ombrotrophic conditions existed from ca. 4200 cal. yr BP onwards. Bog surface wetness fluctuated strongly until ca. 3700 cal. yr BP, with an apparent dominance of dry summer conditions from 4800–4500 cal. yr BP. Local wet shifts occurred around 4300, 2800, 2400 and 1500 cal. yr BP, whereas the most recent 600 years of the record show increasingly dry conditions. Mineral grain content, interpreted as aeolian sand influx (ASI), was used as a proxy for (winter) storm frequency and intensity until ca. 1500 cal. yr BP, after which increasing human impact, as reconstructed by pollen analysis, became a second important potential cause for increased sand drift. Strongly increased storminess occurred at 4800, 4200, 2800–2200, 1500, 1100 and 400–50 cal. yr BP, indicating a dominance of cold and stormy winters during these periods. Many of these storm periods apparently coincide with storm events in other sites in southwestern Scandinavia, suggesting that our ASI record reflects a regional scale climatic signal. Furthermore these stormy periods correlate to well‐known cold phases in the North Atlantic region, suggesting a link to large‐scale fluctuations in atmospheric circulation patterns. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Rydberg Matter as the dust atmosphere in comets: Spectroscopic and polarization signatures     

Leif Holmlid 《Icarus》2006,180(2):555-564

The long-lived excited state of matter called Rydberg Matter (RM) may explain several spectroscopic features in space, like the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) and the unidentified infrared bands (UIR, UIB). RM is here used to interpret some previously unexplained or inconsistent features in comets: (1) line absorption in the emission from the nucleus, (2) IR band emission from the coma, (3) selective and variable molecular line emission from the coma, (4) extended sources of molecules in the coma, (5) degree of linear polarization of light scattered from the coma. (1) The unexplained IR absorptions observed in the flyby of the nucleus of the Comet Borrelly agree well with RM emission bands observed by stimulated emission in the laboratory. It is proposed that RM is the so-called ultrared matter or at least formed from it. (2) The IR bands previously attributed to silicate particles are shown to be better described by RM theory. Transitions in atoms in RM are shown to dominate. (3) The inverted RM medium will optically amplify light from molecular transitions in the comet comae, in agreement with observations that many of the molecular IR emission lines lie within the emission bands from RM, or much too close to Rydberg transitions to be accidental. (4) The unexplained extended sources observed, e.g., for CO are proposed to be due to release of molecules previously incorporated in the RM clusters at low temperature. Such clusters may be the very small particles observed by space probes. (5) Finally, the largely unexplained measurements of the degree of linear polarization of scattered sunlight from comets are explained as due to scattering by the planar RM clusters. Quantitative agreement is demonstrated.  相似文献   

Amplification by Stimulated Emission in Rydberg Matter Clusters as the Source of Intense Maser Lines in Interstellar Space     

Leif Holmlid 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2006,305(1):91-98

The detailed processes giving maser line radiation from various molecules in space are not well understood, as can be seen from many recent detailed studies of maser line emission with high spatial and velocity resolution, and with polarization measurements. We now propose an improved maser mechanism based on amplification of the original molecular line emission by stimulated emission in Rydberg Matter (RM) clouds in HII regions, containing clusters H _N and (H₂) _N . This mechanism will amplify the molecular lines, depending on the position, velocity, cluster size and state of excitation of the clusters in the RM cloud. RM will only support certain frequencies, corresponding to rotational transitions of the clusters. The bond lengths in the RM clusters are known within 1% from radio frequency emission measurements in the laboratory, and it is now shown that all the commonly studied maser lines agree well with stimulated emission transitions in several types of RM clusters simultaneously. This may explain the strongly varying intensities of neighboring or related maser lines, an important effect that is not well understood previously. It is also pointed out that the magnetic field due to RM is of the same order of magnitude as observed from the Zeeman splitting in maser lines; thus, the molecules that are the original sources of the lines may be embedded in the RM clouds, for example in dense HII regions that are likely to be RM regions.  相似文献