Reconstruction of Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Flux 1740 – 2015     

Leif Svalgaard 《Solar physics》2016,291(9-10):2981-3010

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Diffuse interstellar bands (DIB): co-planar doubly excited He and metal atoms embedded in Rydberg Matter     

Leif Holmlid 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2011,336(2):391-412

The interpretation of the more than 300 diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) is one of the most long-standing problems in interstellar spectra since the two first bands were reported in 1921. We now predict the frequencies of 260 diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) using the Rydberg Matter model we have developed previously. These transitions involve mainly He atoms, but other two-electron atoms like Ca and other metals can take part in the absorption processes. Approximately 70% of the total intensity of the DIBs is due to absorption in doubly excited states and 30% in singly excited He atoms. The doubly excited states are in inverted states while the He atoms are thermal. The possibilities to observe DIBs in the UV and NIR ranges are discussed and band positions are predicted.  相似文献   

Well Development by Jetting Using Coiled Tubing and Simultaneous Pumping     

byJan-Erik Rosberg  Leif Bjelm 《Ground water》2009,47(6):816-821

During flow testing of a deep, 1927-m, gravel packed screen completed well, it became apparent that well development was needed to increase productivity. A hydrojetting system using coiled tubing in combination with simultaneous pumping was developed and tested and found to be successful. To verify whether the jetting improved the well, the results of a pumping test conducted before and after the jetting operation are compared. In addition, flowmeter logging and hydraulic properties obtained from pumping tests conducted during the jetting operation were also used to verify the improvements. Hydrojetting in combination with simultaneous pumping proved to be an effective cleaning method. After 100 min of pumping, around 110 m less drawdown and 15 L/s higher average flow rate were obtained compared to the values before the jetting operation. The skin factor was positive before the jetting operation and negative thereafter, thus providing additional evidence of improvements of the well. The flowmeter data also confirmed the improvements and were valuable in optimizing the jetting operation. It was also found, from the short-term pumping tests conducted during the jetting operation, that the Hantush–Jacob method for leaky confined aquifers is a valuable indicator of the well development. The combination of methods used for the well development in this case can easily be applied on other deep well projects to obtain a controlled and time-efficient well development.  相似文献   

Phenols in hydrothermal petroleums and sediment bitumen from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California     

Simoneit BR  Leif RN  Ishiwatari R 《Organic Geochemistry》1996,24(3):377-388

The aliphatic, aromatic and polar (NSO) fractions of seabed petroleums and sediment bitumen extracts from the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal system have been analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (free and silylated). The oils were collected from the interiors and exteriors of high temperature hydrothermal vents and represent hydrothermal pyrolyzates that have migrated to the seafloor by hydrothermal fluid circulation. The downcore sediments are representative of both thermally unaltered and thermally altered sediments. The survey has revealed the presence of oxygenated compounds in samples with a high degree of thermal maturity. Phenols are one class of oxygenated compounds found in these samples. A group of methyl-, dimethyl- and trimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenols (C27-C29) is present in all of the seabed NSO fractions, with the methyl- and dimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenols occurring as major components, and a trimethyl-isoprenoidyl phenol as a minor component. A homologous series of n-alkylphenols (C13-C33) has also been found in the seabed petroleums. These phenols are most likely derived from the hydrothermal alteration of sedimentary organic matter. The n-alkylphenols are probably synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, but the isoprenoidyl phenols are probably hydrothermal alteration products of natural product precursors. The suites of phenols do not appear to be useful tracers of high temperature hydrothermal processes.  相似文献   

U/Pb zircon ages of basement gneisses and discordant felsic dykes from Vestranden,westernmost Baltic Shield and central Norwegian Caledonides     

Björn E. Schouenborg  Leif Johansson  Roland Gorbatschev 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1991,80(1):121-134

Four new U/Pb-zircon ages are reported from northern Vestranden, the northernmost part of the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, Scandinavian Caledonides. The age of a basement tonalite (1819±6 Ma), together with earlier datings on granites, indicates that the dominantly granitoid basement in Vestranden began to form more than 1800 Ma years ago. The minimum age of a subsequent Precambrian migmatization event is given by a U/Pb age of 1630±80 Ma found a granite dyke which cuts migmatitic veining in the basement gneisses. While age and lithology suggest general similarity and thereby favour a correlation between the basement granites of the northern part of Vestranden and Svecofennian granites farther to the east, no detailed chronological information is at present available that support such a correlation.No Sveconorwegian-Grenvillian ages have previously been reported from northern Vestranden. Also in the presently studied cases events between c. 1630 Ma and 430 Ma ago did not affect the U-Pb isotope system of zircons. About 430 Ma ago, substantial parts of Vestranden experienced Caledonian high-grade metamorphism and partial anatectic melting. Migmatite neosomes in northern Vestranden, yielded an U/Pb zircon age of 434±22 Ma. Relatively high temperatures persisted throughout much of the Silurian and probably into the Devonian. Large amounts of pegmatite intruded at the end of this period. One of these dykes yielded an U/Pb-zircon age of 404±2 Ma.

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Zusammenfassung Vier neue U-Pb-Zirkonalter liegen aus dem nördlichen Vestranden-Bereich des westnorwegischen Gneissgebiets vor. Das Alter einer Tonalitintrusion (1819±6 Ma) bestätigt zusammen mit anderen Altersbestimmungen, daß das präkambrische Fundament der zentralskandinavischen Kaledoniden sich im Vestrandengebiet bereits vor mehr als 1800 Ma zu bilden begann. Das Minimalalter einer darauf folgenden präkambrischen Migmatisierung wird durch ein 1630±20 Ma Alter durchsetzender Granitgänge begrenzt. Zwar deuten die bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse eine Gleichaltrigkeit der Granitgesteine im nördlichen Vestranden und den Svekofenniden weiter östlich an, ermöglichen aber derzeit noch keine präzise Korrelation des geologischen Geschehens.Sveconorwegische (Grenville) Isotopenalter sind bisher nicht aus dem nördlichen Vestranden bekannt. Auch die neuen Daten weisen keine Störung der U-Pb-Isotopensysteme zwischen etwa 1630 und 430 Ma auf.Beträchtliche Teile des Vestrandenbereiches wurden vor ca. 430 Ma einer kaledonischen, höhergradigen Metamorphose und anatektischer Aufschmelzung unterworfen. Die Neosome eines Migmatites ergaben ein Alter von 434±22 Ma, was erneut die Existenz zweier verschiedener Migmatisierungsetappen im Präkambrium bzw. in Silur bestätigt. Höhere Temperaturen bestanden danach bis in das Devon. Größere Pegmatitmengen wurden am Ende dieser Zeitspanne gebildet. Einer dieser Pegmatitkörper ergab ein U-Pb-Zirkonalter von 404±2 Ma.

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Résumé Cette note fait état de 4 nouvelles déterminations d'âge (méthode U/Pb sur zircon) dans le Vestranden septentrional, qui forme la partie nord de la région gneissique occidentale de la Norvège (Calédonides). L'âge d'une tonalite (1819±6 Ma), joint à des datations antérieures effectuées sur des granites, indique que la formation du socle granitoîde dans le Vestranden a commencé il y a plus de 1800 Ma. L'âge maximal d'une migmatitisation précambrienne ultérieure est donné par la mesure de 1630±80 Ma effectuée sur un dyke de granite qui recoupe le rubanement migmatitique. L'âge et la lithologie indiquent une similitude d'ensemble et, partant, suggèrent une corrélation entre les granites du nord du Vestranden et ceux des Svécofennides situés plus à l'est; toutefois, on ne dispose aujourd'hui d'aucune donnée chronologique à l'appui d'une telle corrélation.Jusqu'à présent, aucun âge svéconorvégien-grenvillien n'a été enregisré dans le Vestranden septentrional. De même, dans les cas étudiés ici, aucun événement n'a affecté le système isotopique U-Pb entre 1630 et 430 Ma. A environ 430 Ma, des parties importantes du Vestranden ont enregistré un métamorphisme calédonien de degré élevé et une fusion anatectique partielle. Les néosomes d'une migmatite ont fourni un âge U/Pb sur zircon de 434±22 Ma. Des températures relativement élevées se sont maintenues pendant la plus grande partie du Silurien et jusqu'au cours du Dévonien. De grandes quantités de pegmatite ont été intrudées à la fin de cette période; un de ces dykes a donné un âge U/Pb sur zircon de 404±2 Ma.

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- - . 1819±6 . , , - 1800 . . , , 1630±80 . , . , .- - 1630-430 . . . 434=22 . . , , , ; , , -, 404=2 . .

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Benthic trophic status and nutrient fluxes in shallow-water sediments     

Anna Engelsen  Stefan Hulth  Leif Pihl  Kristina Sundbck 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):783-795

Proliferation of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in shallow-water embayments constitutes a large-scale environmental change of coastal marine ecosystems. Since inorganic nutrients essential for the initiation and maintenance of macroalgal growth may be supplied from the underlying sediment, we investigated the coupling between benthic inorganic nutrient (mainly N and P) fluxes and sediment properties in 6 bays representing a wide gradient of sediment characteristics (grain size, organic matter content, solid phase C and N). The initial characterization of bays was made in June and also included measurements of oxygen flux and microphytobenthic and macrofaunal biomass. In September, still within the growth season of the macroalgae, complementary experiments with sediment-water incubations for benthic flux measurements of oxygen and nutrients focused on trophic status (balance between auto- and heterotrophy) as a controlling factor for rates of measured benthic nutrient fluxes. Generally, sediments rendered autotrophic by microphytobenthic photosynthesis removed nutrients from the overlying water, while heterotrophic sediments supplied nutrients to the overlying bottom water. Estimations of the green-algal nutrient demand suggested that late in the growth season, net heterotrophic sediments could cover 20% of the N-demand and 70% of the P demand. As the benthic trophic status is a functional variable more closely coupled to nutrient fluxes than the comparably conservative structural parameter organic matter content, we suggest that the trophic status is a more viable parameter to classify sediments and predict benthic nutrient fluxes in shallow-water environments.  相似文献   

Soil investigations, offshore mid Norway: A case study of glacial influence on geotechnical properties     

Joar Sttem  Leif Rise  Kre Rokoengen  Trond By 《Global and Planetary Change》1996,12(1-4)

Fine-grained glaciomarine and glacial deposits on the outer Mid Norwegian continental shelf show complex variations in shear strength and degree of consolidation. At the Smørbukk Sør field (approx. 65°N, 7°E) about 80 m of variably overconsolidated clayey till is found on top of normally- or possibly underconsolidated glaciomarine and marine sediments. A high gas content is found below 60 m, and the porewater in the rather soft sediments in the lower part of the borehole may have been partly trapped by gas hydrates when the overlying hard till was deposited. The variations in geotechnical properties of the 80 m thick till section are suggested to result mainly from compaction below grounded ice during the last glaciation, and we interpret the strength variations in the till to reflect shifts between freeze of sediment porewater onto the base of the ice causing highly overconsolidated intervals, and thermal equilibrium or melting at the ice sole resulting in intervals of softer till.A large ridge northwest of Smørbukk (Skjoldryggen) is probably partly formed by ice push during ice flow oscillations at the same time as the described till at Smørbukk was deposited. This ridge retarded the ice flow and hence the frictional heating at the end of surges, creating pulses of net freezing base ice and consolidation of the substratum. The described process has possibly affected a wide area up-ice of Skjoldryggen, and may be common in areas with a complex glacial history and a fine-grained substratum.  相似文献   

Rapid, high-precision potentiometric titration of alkalinity in ocean and sediment pore waters     

Conny Haraldsson  Leif G. Anderson  Martin Hassellöv  Stefan Hulth  Kristina Olsson 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1997,44(12):2031-2044

A system for rapid, high precision potentiometric determination of alkalinity in sea water and sediment pore water is presented. Two titration units were used: a 40 ml unit for seawater and a small volume unit for sediment pore water. Titration time was normally less than 10 minutes per sample, including sample exchange. With a 40 ml sample volume, the relative standard deviation of the alkalinity obtained in the laboratory was 0.05% and at sea 0.1 %. The small-volume system (0.5–1.5 ml) gave a precision of 0.07%. Five titration points, in two groups after the second equivalence point, were used to evaluate the equivalence volume. Results from equilibrium calculations and computer simulated alkalinity titrations show that it was possible to use a non-modified Gran function [(V₀ +v)^*10^(E/Z)] and still achieve good accuracy and precision.  相似文献   

Rydberg matter in space: low-density condensed dark matter     

Shahriar Badiei  Leif Holmlid 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,333(2):360-364

Here Rydberg matter is proposed as a candidate for the missing dark matter or dark baryonic matter in the Universe. Spectroscopic and other experimental studies give valuable information on the properties of Rydberg matter, especially its very weak interaction with light caused by the very small overlap with low states, and because of the necessary two-electron transitions even for disturbed matter. Recently, the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands have been shown to agree well with calculations and experiments on Rydberg matter. This is the reason for the present, somewhat speculative, proposal that dark matter has, at least partially, the form of Rydberg matter. The UIR bands have also been observed directly in emission from Rydberg matter in the laboratory. The unique space-filling properties of Rydberg matter are described: a hydrogen atom in this matter occupies a volume  5×10¹²  times larger than in its ground state or in a hydrogen molecule.  相似文献   

“Bush Doctors and Wild Medicine”: The Scale of Trade in Cape Town's Informal Economy of Wild-Harvested Medicine and Traditional Healing     

Leif M. Petersen  Andrew J. E. Charman  Eugene J. Moll  Ray J. Collins  Marc T. Hockings 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(3):315-336

South Africa's organically emerged cultural business of traditional healing is almost exclusively reliant on wild-harvested resources extracted from wilderness areas or open-access commons. The wild medicine business has been described for much of South Africa, although is little understood in Cape Town, the urban centerpiece of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). A census of different traditional healer typologies in five typical working-class residential areas (representing ～71,500 residents) was conducted to assess the nature and extent of traditional medicine harvesting and trade. Extrapolating these findings for the city reveals a local industry of more than 15,000 practitioners collectively conducting trade worth US $15.6 million per year. More than 40% of the volume of traditional medicines traded in the city is harvested from the CFR. Future conservation approaches must consider that the business of traditional healing and dispensing wild-harvested medicines is both economically important and culturally entrenched.  相似文献