Shopping behaviour in the Øresund region before and after the establishment of the fixed link between Denmark and Sweden     

Susanne?Bygvr?Email author  Hans?Westlund 《GeoJournal》2005,61(1):41-52

In July 2000 the 15.5 km long fixed link across the Øresund was opened, connecting the Danish capital Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö. With the decrease of the barrier an enlarged flow of shoppers was expected with Swedish customers availing themselves of the range of opportunities in the Copenhagen area and Danish customers making use of the much longer shop opening hours in Sweden. However, experience from other European border areas shows that customers tend to do their ordinary shopping in their home countries and that there must be significant differences in prices or ranges of goods to overcome the barrier of the border. Does the typical situation result from the rural nature of many border areas, and will matters be quite different in a metropolitan area? The purpose of the present paper is to describe the level and character of cross-border shopping by the residents of the Øresund region before and after the opening of the fixed link. Responses from about 4,000 people form the basis of the conclusion that a little less than a year after the opening of the fixed link the number of shopping trips across the Øresund had increased, but there was still no heavy flow of customers doing ordinary shopping in the neighbouring countries. In order to assess the level of cross-border shopping across the Øresund the findings are compared to those from surveys across the Danish-German land border.  相似文献   

Formation enthalpy of ThSiO₄ and enthalpy of the thorite → huttonite phase transition     

Lena Mazeina  Alexandra Navrotsky  Lynn A. Boatner 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(19):4675-4683

The standard enthalpy of formation of thorite and huttonite and the enthalpy of the phase transition between these polymorphs were determined using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and transposed temperature drop calorimetry. Standard enthalpies of formation of thorite and huttonite are reported for the first time and are −2117.6 ± 4.2 kJ/mol and −2110.9 ± 4.7 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on our measurements, thorite and huttonite are metastable relative to SiO₂ (quartz) and ThO₂ (thorianite) at standard conditions, but are presumably stabilized at high temperature by the entropy contribution. Based on the measured enthalpy of the thorite-huttonite phase transition of 6.7 ± 2.5 kJ/mol, a dP/dT slope for the transformation was calculated as −1.21 ± 0.45 MPa/K.  相似文献   

Formation and composition of cemented layers in low-sulphide mine tailings, Laver, northern Sweden     

Lena Alakangas  Björn Öhlander 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):821-819

Cemented layers (hardpans) are common in carbonate or sulphide-rich mine tailings and where pyrrhotite is the predominating Fe-sulphide. Laver, northern Sweden, is an abandoned Cu-mine where the tailings have low pyrrhotite content, almost no pyrite and no carbonates. Two cemented layers at different locations in the Laver tailings impoundment were investigated, with the aim to determine their effects on metal mobility. The cementing agents were mainly jarosite and Fe-oxyhydroxides in the layer formed where the tailings have a barren surface, whereas only Fe-oxyhydroxides were identified below grass-covered tailings surface. Arsenic was enriched in both layers which also exhibit high concentrations of Mo, V, Hg and Pb compared to unoxidised tailings. Sequential extraction indicates that these metals and As were mainly retained with crystalline Fe-oxides, and therefore potentially will be remobilised if the oxic conditions become more reducing, for instance as a result of remediation of the tailings impoundment.An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

Dr. Evamaria Koch (1961–2014)     

Dorothee Moll  Paul Kotterba  Lena von Nordheim  Patrick Polte 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(1):1-12

During their spring migration, Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) populations in the Baltic Sea rely on shallow transitional waters, such as estuaries, bays, and lagoons for spawning. Such inshore spawning grounds are ecologically important by providing suitable substrates for demersal egg deposition. These habitats are often highly impacted by multiple anthropogenic threats. Decades of eutrophication have caused a decline in depth distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation, the main herring spawning substrate in the Baltic Sea. Nowadays, spawning beds are limited to the shallow littoral zone (≤3 m depth). Accordingly, macrophytes are increasingly exposed to mechanic forcing due to storm-induced wave action. Generally, reproductive success and year class strength of the Western Baltic herring population is strongly determined by the survival of early life stages such as eggs and larvae in local nursery areas. However, explicit mechanisms by which local stressors might affect overall recruitment are currently not well understood. Hypothesizing that aquatic vegetation limited by water depth causes high herring egg mortality due to increased exposure to storm-induced hydrodynamics, we performed a combination of field studies investigating the impact of storm events on herring egg loss. Results of an egg loss experiment revealed a total egg loss of 29% in one single spawning bed during a storm event within the spawning season and the quantification of eggs attached to macrophyte litter on the shoreline emphasize the potential for regional weather extremes such as storm events to act as influential stressors for herring reproduction.  相似文献   

A radio magnetotelluric study to evaluate the extents of a limestone quarry in Estonia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mehrdad Bastani  Lena Persson  Majid Beiki  Ritva Harinen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(3):678-687

Electromagnetic signals from distant radio transmitters in the frequency range 15–250 kHz were measured to model an electrical resistivity structure beneath 7 profiles in the vicinity of the Karinu limestone quarry in Estonia with the aim to map the extent of the economically exploitable limestone. The resistivity models from a 2D inversion of determinant resistivity and phase values using an Occam type of regularization contained reasonably accurate information about the geometry, namely depth to the top and the bottom of the target high‐resistivity limestone. The resistivity models correlated well with existing geological evidences as well as information from closely located boreholes. However, the sharp lithological boundaries seen in the boreholes were not resolved exactly in the resistivity models. This is probably because of the smoothing regularization used in the inversion process. Combined use of borehole data together with resistivity models resulted in two major geological interpretations; a) towards the western part of the existing limestone quarry there is a NNW to NS striking fault, covered by post‐glacial sediments, b) a potential cost‐effective exploitable area containing high quality highly resistive limestone is located south of the existing quarry. This case study shows the applicability of the reasonably fast radio magnetotelluric (RMT) method for the exploration of near‐surface resources.  相似文献   

A 10Be‐based reconstruction of the last deglaciation in southern Sweden     

Johanna Anjar  Nicolaj K. Larsen  Lena Håkansson  Per Möller  Henriette Linge  Derek Fabel  Sheng Xu 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(1):132-148

We present 23 cosmogenic surface exposure ages from 10 localities in southern Sweden. The new ¹⁰Be ages allow a direct correlation between the east and west coasts of southern Sweden, based on the same dating technique, and provide new information about the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in the circum‐Baltic area. In western Skåne, southernmost Sweden, a single cosmogenic surface exposure sample gave an age of 16.8±1.0 ka, whereas two samples from the central part of Skåne gave ages of 17.0±0.9 and 14.1±0.8 ka. Further northeast, in southern Småland, two localities gave ages ranging from 15.2±0.8 to 16.9±0.9 ka (n=5) indicating a somewhat earlier deglaciation of the area than has previously been suggested. Our third locality, in S Småland, gave ages ranging from 10.2±0.5 to 18.4±1.6 ka (n=3), which are probably not representative of the timing of deglaciation. In central Småland one locality was dated to 14.5±0.8 ka (n=3), whereas our northernmost locality, situated in northern Småland, was dated to 13.8±0.8 ka (n=3). Samples from the island of Gotland suggest deglaciation before 13 ka ago. We combined the new ¹⁰Be ages with previously published deglaciation ages to constrain the deglaciation chronology of southern Sweden. The combined deglaciation chronology suggests a rather steady deglaciation in southern Sweden starting at c. 17.9 cal. ka BP in NW Skåne and reaching northern Småland, ～200 km further north, c. 13.8 ka ago. Overall the new deglaciation ages agree reasonably well with existing deglaciation chronologies, but suggest a somewhat earlier deglaciation in Småland.  相似文献