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31.
The Cuzco region, which is located above a change in subduction geometry, appears to be characterized by a variable Plio-Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution essentially located along the major fault system that separates the High Plateaux from the Eastern Cordillera. After the higher surface formation of the High Plateaux, a set of Neogene basins were filled by Miocene “ fluvio-torrential” series and by Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Neogene series have been affected by compressional tectonic forces attributed to the Late Miocene. This compression is followed by roughly E-W trending syn-sedimentary extensional tectonics attributed to the Pliocene; it is related to reactivation of the pre-existing major faults, basin evolution, and volcanic activity concentrated along the faults. In the Early Pleistocene, fluvio-lacustrine deposits are affected by syn- and post-sedimentary compressional tectonism it is characterized by shortening that trends both N-S and E-W and produces folding and faulting of the sedimentary cover. Extensional tectonism trending roughly N-S has been taking place from the Middle Pleistocene to the Present; it is coeval with shoshonitic volcanic activity, and with sedimentation of fluvio-lacustrine terraces, torrential fans and moraines. Quaternary and active normal faults due to this tectonism, are located in a narrow zone more than 100 km-long between the High Plateaux and the Eastern Cordillera, and two 15 km-long fault sectors in the Eastern Cordillera. Characteristic Pleistocene scarps, 400 m or more high, are due to the cumulative normal offset, and there are also little scarps, with heights ranging between 2 and 20 m, which are related to Holocene fault reactivations. Recent fault reactivation on the Cuzco fault system, during the April 5, 1986 earthquake (mb = 5.3), is due to the N-S trending extension. This state of stress, located at a mean elevation of roughly 3730 m, is generally homogeneous to different scales. The active Cuzco normal faults may be a consequence of adjustment between the compensated Western Cordillera and the undercompensated Eastern Cordillera, this latter being uplifted higher than its isostatic equilibrium due to compression acting on its eastern edge. The variation of the state of stress, during the Plio-Quaternary is in agreement with the variations of the compressional boundary forces. It may be explained by variation of the convergence rate or by the variation of pull-slab forces. 相似文献
32.
Vertical distributions of particulate silica, and of production and dissolution rates of biogenic silica, were determined on two N-S transects across the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during the austral spring of 1978. Particulate silica profiles showed elevated levels in surface water and near the bottom, with low (35–110 nmol Si · 1?1) and vertically uniform values through the intervening water column. Both the particulate silica content of the upper 200 m and the production rate of biogenic silica in the photic zone increased from north to south, reaching their highest values near the edge of the receding pack ice. A significant, but variable, fraction (18–58%) of the biogenic silica produced in the surface layer was redissolving in the upper 90–98 m. Net production of biogenic silica in the surface layer (production minus dissolution) was proceeding at a mean rate of ca. 2 mmol Si · m?2 · day?1. This is ca. 4 times greater than the most recent estimate of the mean accumulation rate of siliceous sediments beneath the ACC. We estimate, based on mass balance, that the mean dissolution rate of biogenic silica in subsurface water column in the Southern Ocean is 1.2–2.9 mmol Si · m?2 · day?1. 相似文献
33.
Louis Courel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(3):773-781
Résumé La transgression triasique est suivie d'Est en Ouest sur la bordure du Massif Central français. Les formations sont de plus en plus récentes vers l'Ouest, indépendamment de leur faciès. Les limites du Buntsandstein et du Trias supérieur semblent locales et d'origine tectonique, tandis que la limite du Ladinien supérieur parait plus générale et correspond à la période où le caractère marin de la transgression sur les massifs hercyniens était le plus franc.Le début de la transgression aniso-ladinienne est daté pour l'Anisien par des empreintes de Reptiles et pour les faciès les plus marins du Ladinien par des Foraminifères et des pollens. A cette période, des microfaunes mésogéennes de mer ouverte apparaissent sur les bordures.Dans les faciès de transgression réduits, le Trias est constitué de grès fins silteux à pseudomorphoses de sel gemme et empreintes de Reptiles, étalés par une mer pelliculaire sur une surface plate. Le socle sous-jacent a fourni peu de matériel clastique et les courants sont orientés du Nord au Sud. Les évaporites sont plus concentrées sur la bordure que plus au large, ce qui implique une certaine aridité pendant toute la période de la transgression.Les faciès de bordure les plus avancés sur le socle sont formés d'une dolomie paralique supratidale déposée dans des lagunes évaporitiques. Sur les massifs hercyniens, des fractures et des failles ouvertes ont permis des circulations auxquelles sont liés des remplissages carbonates et des minéralisations.
Conditions of the triassic transgression are analysed from East to West across the eastern border of the Central Massif. Formations directly overlying the basement get younger and younger westwards, without relation with the environment. Buntsandstein and upper Triassic boundaries appear to be syntectonic local limits. The upper Ladininian boundary seems to be more general and connected with the main period of the marine environment for the transgression on the variscan basement rocks. The anisoladinian transgression beginns during the anisian age as indicated by fooprints, while ladinian age is supported by mesogean foraminifera and palynology during the climax of the transgression, in an open sea environment.Silty fine sandstones with footprints and salt casts constitute the triassic transgression facies on the flattened border of the Central Massif. The underlying basement supplied only a little arenaceous material and the currents are oriented from Nord to South. Evaporites are more concentrated at the boundary of the transgression than towards the basin, what means aridity.Paralic supratidal dolomite constitutes the most external deposits at the transgression limit, in a syntectonic environment. Dolomite infillings and ore deposits are connected with water circulations along faults and fractures.
Zusammenfassung Die Triastransgressionsschichten werden von Osten nach Westen am Nordrand des französischen Zentralmassivs beschrieben. Die auf dem Grundgebirge auflagernden Basisschichten werden, unabhängig von ihrer Faziesausbildung, nach Westen stets jünger. Die Begrenzungen der Ablagerungen des Buntsandsteins und der oberen Trias werden nur lokal, wahrscheinlich in Abhängigkeit von synsedimentären, tektonischen Strukturen angetroffen. Die Beckenausdehnung am Top des oberen Ladiniums ist dagegen zusammenhängend zu erkennen. Sie entspricht den eindeutigeren marinen Transgressionsverhältnissen auf dem variskischen Sockel.Die einsetzende Transgression des Aniso-Ladiniums wird durch Reptilienfährten als anisisch und die stärker marinen Ablagerungen durch Foraminiferen und Pollen als ladinisch datiert. In diesem Zeitabschnitt dringen offenmarine, mesogäische Mikrofossilien bis zum Beckenrand vor.Die geringmächtigen Transgressionsablagerungen bestehen aus siltigen Feinsanden mit Steinsalzpseudomorphosen und Reptilienfährten. Diese Sande wurden von einem sehr seichten Meer auf dem stark eingeebneten Grundgebirge verteilt. Das Grundgebirge hat nur sehr wenige klastische Abtragungsprodukte geliefert. Die Strömungen waren von Norden nach Süden ausgerichtet. Evaporite treten stärker in den randlichen Gebieten als zum offenen Becken hin auf. Dies zeigt auf eine ausgeprägte Aridität während der gesamten Transgressionszeit hin.Die am weitesten zum Festland hin vorgeschobenen Transgressionssedimente bestehen aus paralischen, subpratidalen Dolomiten, die sich in evaporitischen Lagunen bildeten. Die in den offenen Spalten und Verwerfungen des Grundgebirges zirkulierenden Lösungen führten zu Dolomitausfällungen und zu schichtgebundenen Vererzungen.
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34.
35.
36.
JosMaria Landim Dominguez Abilio Carlos da Silva Pinto Bittencourt Louis Martin 《Sedimentary Geology》1992,80(3-4):213-232
East-northeastern Brazil has a wave-dominated, micro- to meso-tidal coast, lying entirely within the southern Atlantic trade wind belt. Integration of geologic mapping, radiocarbon dating and vibracoring data shows that the Quaternary coastal evolution of this area was controlled by three major factors: (1) sea-level history; (2) trade winds; and (3) climate change.
Sea-level history. Along the east-northeastern coast of Brazil, relative sea level has fallen approximately 5 m during the last 5000 y. Correlation of this sea-level history with the evolution of beach-ridge, lagoonal and coastal plain deposits shows that: (1) sea-level rise favours the formation of barrier island—lagoonal systems and the construction of intralagoonal deltas; (2) sea-level lowering is not conductive to barrier island formation. Rather, lagoons and bays become emergent and beach-ridge plains rapidly prograde.
Trade winds. Sediment dispersal systems along the coastal zone of east-northeastern Brazil have been highly persistent since Pleistocene time, as deduced from beach-ridge orientation. This persistence results from the fact that sediment dispersal in wave-dominated settings is ultimately controlled by atmospheric circulation which, for the east-northeastern coast of Brazil is associated with the South Atlantic high-pressure cell. The remarkable stability of this cell through time, has allowed the accumulation of extensive beach-ridge plains at the longshore drift sinks located along the coast.
Climate change. Effects of Quaternary climate changes on coastal sedimentation are twofold. Climate changes may affect rainfall patterns, thus exerting an important control on coastal dune development. Along the coast of northeastern Brazil, active coastal dunes are only present in those areas in which at least four consecutive dry months occur during the year. Mapping of these areas has shown that dune development during the Holocene has been episodic, these episodes being probably controlled by variations in rainfall patterns associated with climate changes. Secondly, despite its overall stability, the position of the high-pressure cell has experienced small shifts in position during the Holocene in response to climate changes. Changes in wind direction associated with these shifts have induced modifications in the coastal dispersion system, which are recorded in the strandplains as small truncations in the beach-ridge alignments.
These results have important implications in understanding accumulation of ancient sandstone shoreline sequences. 相似文献
37.
Dr. Louis Leine 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1971,60(2):488-524
This publication comprises the results of a detailed investigation of rauhwackes regarding both their stratigraphic/tectonic positions and their macroscopic/microscopic aspects. The conclusion drawn is that rauhwackes are carbonate breccias of tectonic origin, which usually suffered extensive recrystallization and calcitization. Moreover, these breccias became strongly weathered as a result of which they acquired a typical porous to cavernous appearance. Rauhwackes were formed by way of brecciation of carbonate rocks with a comparatively slight cohesion of their constituting grains; these rocks have been deposited in a saline environment. Rauhwackes may be divided into two main varieties:
- monomict rauhwaekes, formed by fragmentation of only one type of rock (usually a sucrose dolostone), and
- polymict rauhwackes, formed by fragmentation and mixing of two or more types of rock.
38.
Louis Glangeaud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1955,43(1):181-196
Résumé L'Afrique du Nord franÇaise et notamment sa bordure littorale ont subi d'importantes déformations plio-quaternaires; l'auteur en précise les phases et les caractéristiques tectoniques.Les zones de plissement de cet âge doivent Être séparées des déformations à grand rayon de courbure. Les phénomènes géophysiques (tremblements de terre, isostasie) en relation avec ces déformations sont passés en revue. L'auteur place ces phénomènes à l'échelle de temps et d'espace dans l'évolution d'ensemble de l'Afrique du Nord, et discute le problème de la flexure continentale. 相似文献
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40.
Crude oils produced in the North West shelf of Western Australia are highly volatile, a characteristic not shared by most of the Northern Hemisphere crude oils on which internationally accepted toxicity test protocols were developed. Because of this volatility and some other factors, the LC50 and EC50 values obtained from acute toxicity tests will be significantly affected by the changes of toxicant concentration in test solutions during the period of exposure. To address these issues all steps of a standard protocol for crude oil toxicity testing have been revised. A systematic study has been performed on factors which affect petroleum hydrocarbon solubilisation in aqueous systems during test solution preparations. The influence of mixing time, agitation energy and volume/interface ratio on a hydrocarbon concentration in a water-soluble fraction (WSF) was studied for heavy, medium and light crude oils. A study of the sensitivity of marine unicellular algae to WSF of crude oils was conducted with Isochrysis sp., Nannochloropsis-like sp. and Nitzchia closterium. Total concentrations of hydrocarbons dissolved in test solutions were estimated by UV-spectrometry and GC/FID chemical analyses. When the toxicant concentration decreased during the exposure period, the EC50 values derived from initial or final concentrations either underestimate or overestimate toxicity, respectively. Therefore, weighted average concentrations (WAC) calculated for the whole test period were recommended for expressing hydrocarbon concentrations in test solutions of crude oils. Toxicity indices calculated from WAC of total hydrocarbons for different crude oils can be compared regardless of the rates of hydrocarbon loss. 相似文献