Paradoxes of modernity: imperial Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821     

Luciana L. Martins  Mauricio A. Abreu 《Geoforum》2001,32(4):19

This paper examines the spatial dynamics of urbanism in Rio de Janeiro during the early nineteenth century. Conventional narratives of modernisation fail to capture the complexities of this moment, between 1808 and 1821, when the city replaced Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese empire. The position of colony and metropolis were inverted, Portuguese absolutism was bolstered by British liberalism, and a market-economy arose alongside the expansion of slavery. As the newly-created imperial capital, Rio felt the effects of these various transformations: the physical boundaries of the city rapidly expanded, its economy diversified and the cultural life of the city was re-shaped. Our aim in this paper is to understand this particular moment of urban transformation as a product of the intersection of global networks of trade, slavery and industrial capitalism. Rather than depicting the historical geography of the city as a passive space for European conquest and expansion, we consider the extent to which its urban dynamics were shaped by a distinct local geography of globalisation. In particular, we examine the interrelated spatialities that are part and parcel of the modernising process.  相似文献   

Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of controlled steel moment‐resisting frame structures     

Luciana R. Barroso  Steven Winterstein 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(12):2049-2066

This paper describes a proposed methodology, referred to as probabilistic seismic control analysis, for the development of probabilistic seismic demand curves for structures with supplemental control devices. The resulting curves may be used to determine the probability that any response measure, whether for a structure or control device, exceeds a pre‐determined allowable limit. This procedure couples conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with non‐linear dynamic structural analyses to provide system specific information. This method is performed by evaluating the performance of specific controlled systems under seismic excitations using the SAC Phase II structures for the Los Angeles region, and three different control‐systems: (i) base isolation; (ii) linear viscous brace dampers; and (iii) active tendon braces. The use of a probabilistic format allows for consideration of structural response over a range of seismic hazards. The resulting annual hazard curves provide a basis for comparison between the different control strategies. Results for these curves indicate that no single control strategy is the most effective at all hazard levels. For example, at low return periods the viscous system has the lowest drift demands. However, at higher return periods, the isolation system becomes the most effective strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Metamorphic path constrained by metapelitic rocks from the inner Aiuruoca-Andrelândia nappe, south of the São Francisco craton, SE Brazil     

Luciana Pascarelli Santos  Mario da Costa Campos Neto  Carlos Henrique Grohmann 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2004,16(8):125

A Nappe system south to southwest of the São Francisco Craton represents the southern extension of the Brasília belt and describes an inverted metamorphic pile of greenschist facies toward amphibolite facies. The Aiuruoca-Andrelândia nappe is one of the nappes of this system. The hind portion of the Aiuruoca-Andrelândia nappe, south of Caxambu and Aiuruoca (MG), consists of a structural-metamorphic domain transported toward the E-NE. There is a metamorphic transition, from the kyanite zone to kyanite and sillimanite coexistence, until the sillimanite zone. Metapelitic rocks preserve high-pressure parageneses (Rt–Ky–Grt–Ms–Bt–Pl–Qtz) and contain retrograde eclogitic rocks. Sil–Pl–Qtz coronitic intergrowths around garnets are common decompressive textures. Kyanite schists register the P_max of 11 kbar at 660 °C and define a decompressive path until 6–7.5 kbar at 650 °C. These P–T conditions represent the equilibrium in S₂ schistosity (amphibolite facies) and the beginning of the cooling path in the Ky–Sil transition. The decompressive path suggests an extrusional process, immediately after burying at about 60 km. Exhumation controlled by convergent events, related to the São Francisco Plate subduction and tectonic erosion, took these units, isothermally, to higher levels (20–33 km). Later, the metamorphic path shifted toward near-isobaric cooling.  相似文献   

Comparison of wind and wave measurements and models in the Western Mediterranean Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Fabrice Ardhuin  Luciana Bertotti  Jean-Raymond Bidlot  Luigi Cavaleri  Valentina Filipetto  Jean-Michel Lefevre  Paul Wittmann 《Ocean Engineering》2007,34(3-4):526-541

We have hindcast the wind and wave conditions in the Mediterranean Sea for two one month periods. Four different meteorological models and three different wave models have been used. The results have been compared with satellite and buoy wind and wave observations.Several conclusions concerning both the instruments and the models have been derived. The quality of both wind and wave results has been assessed. Close to the coasts high resolution, nested wave models are required for sufficient reliability.A wave threshold analysis suggests a sufficient reliability only off the coast, with a substantial decrease for low wave heights.  相似文献   

Effect of Hydrocarbons and Decontaminating Substances on Bacterial Flora of Coastal Sediments     

Ermanno Crisafi  Renata Zaccone  Lucrezia Genovese  Rosabruna La Ferla  Teresa Luciana Maugeri 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(4):365-375

Abstract. Seventy six samples of coastal sediments collected in the Straits of Messina were studied in order to evaluate the effects of an oil spill and the consequent "clean-up" operations on heterotrophic acrobic bacteria.
In addition, in vitro tests were carried out to estimate the effects of five dispersants on the growth and oil degrading capacity of marine strains isolated from the same sediments.  相似文献   

The growth of “black crusts” on calcareous building stones in Palermo (Sicily): a first appraisal of anthropogenic and natural sulphur sources     

Giuseppe Montana  Luciana Randazzo  Ilaria A. Oddo  Mariano Valenza 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(2):367-380

Chemical, mineralogical and isotopic composition (³⁴S/³²S) analyses were carried out on “black crusts” developed on the old buildings of Palermo (Sicily) with the aim to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sulphur sources. Furthermore individual samples of total suspended particulate (TSP) were collected and analysed in order to estimate the influence of air pollution on the decay process of calcareous stones in a typical southern Mediterranean coastal environment. SEM/EDS analysis, X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography led to the compositional characterization of “black crusts” and airborne particulate matter in the city. Sulphur isotopic compositions of gypsum-bearing crusts showed a prevailing contribution of anthropogenic sources (vehicle exhaust and other combustion processes). Natural sulphur and/or sulphate sources (biogenic and/or sea-spray) were shown to play a secondary role. These data can be considered a starting point for the determination of the rate of growth of “black crusts” in a coastal Mediterranean urban environment like Palermo. In the future, they might be useful to local authorities for planning more efficient maintenance action in order to slow as much as possible the rate of decay of the monumental heritage of the city.  相似文献   

Reconstructing recent environmental changes using non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in two high mountain lakes from northern Patagonia,Argentina     

Fernanda Montes de Oca  Luciana Motta  María Sofía Plastani  Cecilia Laprida  Andrea Lami  Julieta Massaferro 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,59(2):175-187

Remote lakes of northern Patagonia are ideal sites for examining climate- and non-climate-driven changes in aquatic ecosystems because there is little evidence of human influence and there is no detailed information on recent environmental trends in the region (i.e. the last 200 years). Subfossil chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) are useful paleoindicators due to their specific response to numerous environmental factors. Here, we analyze the chironomid subfossil assemblages from two remote lakes located in different environmental settings in Nahuel Huapi National Park of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Chironomids combined with sedimentary pigments (chlorophyll derivatives and total carotenoids) and organic matter provided information on the environmental history of the lakes for the last ca. 200 years. The ²¹⁰Pb chronology and tephra layers are used to establish the chronology of changes in the chironomid assemblages associated to different environmental factors that impacted the area during the period covered by the study. The deposition of volcanic ash affected the abundance and composition of chironomid assemblage throughout the record of both lakes. However, changing climate conditions and human activities are also responsible for chironomid changes in the last 50 years.  相似文献   

Quantifying deforestation and secondary forest determinants for different spatial extents in an Amazonian colonization frontier (Rondonia)     

Luciana de Souza Soler  Maria Isabel S. Escada  Peter H. Verburg 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(2):182-193

Spatial patterns of deforested areas and secondary forest are analyzed in terms of the spatial variation in location factors at different spatial extents. The spatial extents considered are old and new agrarian colonization projects and the administrative units of two different municipalities in Rondonia: Vale do Anari and Machadinho d'Oeste. A grid database was constructed including land cover and potential location factors based on biophysical, accessibility, socioeconomic and policy data. Results of the spatial analyses confirmed the hypothesis that different extents yield different relationships between land use/cover patterns and their location factors, particularly between old and new agrarian colonization projects. It emphasizes that current patterns of forest, secondary forest and pasture/agriculture can only be understood with a combination of policy, accessibility, biophysical and socioeconomic factors while accounting for the historical pathways of change. Because we are dealing with different trajectories of land use/cover change, static analysis of the spatial pattern without acknowledging these trajectories will lead to erroneous interpretations of the current and future land use/cover dynamics.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of space-time wave extremes using WAVEWATCH III     

Francesco Barbariol  Jose-Henrique G. M. Alves  Alvise Benetazzo  Filippo Bergamasco  Luciana Bertotti  Sandro Carniel  Luigi Cavaleri  Yung Y. Chao  Arun Chawla  Antonio Ricchi  Mauro Sclavo  Hendrik Tolman 《Ocean Dynamics》2017,67(3-4):535-549

A novel implementation of parameters estimating the space-time wave extremes within the spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III (WW3) is presented. The new output parameters, available in WW3 version 5.16, rely on the theoretical model of Fedele (J Phys Oceanogr 42(9):1601-1615, 2012) extended by Benetazzo et al. (J Phys Oceanogr 45(9):2261–2275, 2015) to estimate the maximum second-order nonlinear crest height over a given space-time region. In order to assess the wave height associated to the maximum crest height and the maximum wave height (generally different in a broad-band stormy sea state), the linear quasi-determinism theory of Boccotti (2000) is considered. The new WW3 implementation is tested by simulating sea states and space-time extremes over the Mediterranean Sea (forced by the wind fields produced by the COSMO-ME atmospheric model). Model simulations are compared to space-time wave maxima observed on March 10th, 2014, in the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy), by a stereo camera system installed on-board the “Acqua Alta” oceanographic tower. Results show that modeled space-time extremes are in general agreement with observations. Differences are mostly ascribed to the accuracy of the wind forcing and, to a lesser extent, to the approximations introduced in the space-time extremes parameterizations. Model estimates are expected to be even more accurate over areas larger than the mean wavelength (for instance, the model grid size).  相似文献   

Effect of low salinity on the survival of recently hatched veliger of Nassarius reticulatus (L.) in estuarine habitats: A case study of Ria de Aveiro     

Luciana Gnio  Ana Sousa  Nuno Vaz  Joo M. Dias  Carlos Barroso 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,59(3):133-143

The effect of low salinity on the survival of recently hatched veliger of the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L.) was studied under laboratory conditions at 17 °C ± 1 °C. Significant mortality occurred for salinities ≤ 17 psu and the LS₅₀ (salinity that causes 50% mortality) varied from 14.5 psu to 17.2 psu for exposures between 1 h and 48 h, respectively. The results were included in a mathematical model in order to estimate the mortality of N. reticulatus veliger in Ria de Aveiro under different salinity scenarios determined by numerical simulation. The model predicts a massive mortality of veliger immediately after their eclosion (1 h) in Ria de Aveiro during spring tide when the river input reaches its expected maximum — a situation that has been observed occasionally and may overlap a massive eclosion of veliger in the water. Except in this extreme situation, the mortality in Ria de Aveiro is generally restricted to the upstream limits of the channels. The results indicate that N. reticulatus recruitment in estuaries may strongly depend on the prevailing salinity regime.  相似文献