Coastal dune conservation on an Irish commonage: community-based management or tragedy of the commons?     

JOHN MC KENNA  ANNE MARIE O'HAGAN†  JAMES POWER‡  MICHAEL MACLEOD§  ANDREW COOPER 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(2):157-169

In Ireland 'commonage' refers to lands jointly owned by several individuals who have grazing rights. Commonage can provide the low-intensity grazing regime regarded as optimal for habitat conservation, and it is also unlikely to suffer the negative impacts of building development or coastal engineering. Today, however, the traditional control systems of coastal commonage are generally moribund, leading to habitat degradation. The only viable future management model is likely to be one based on local community control. Community management would have the legitimacy to counter the negative perceptions of external authority that generate environmental degradation.  相似文献   

Uncertainty, Complexity and Concepts of Good Science in Climate Change Modelling: Are GCMs the Best Tools?   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Simon Shackley  Peter Young  Stuart Parkinson  Brian Wynne 《Climatic change》1998,38(2):159-205

In this paper we explore the dominant position of a particular style of scientific modelling in the provision of policy-relevant scientific knowledge on future climate change. We describe how the apical position of General Circulation Models (GCMs) appears to follow logically both from conventional understandings of scientific representation and the use of knowledge, so acquired, in decision-making. We argue, however, that both of these particular understandings are contestable. In addition to questioning their current policy-usefulness, we draw upon existing analyses of GCMs which discuss model trade-offs, errors, and the effects of parameterisations, to raise questions about the validity of the conception of complexity in conventional accounts. An alternative approach to modelling, incorporating concepts of uncertainty, is discussed, and an illustrative example given for the case of the global carbon cycle. In then addressing the question of how GCMs have come to occupy their dominant position, we argue that the development of global climate change science and global environmental management frameworks occurs concurrently and in a mutually supportive fashion, so uniting GCMs and environmental policy developments in certain industrialised nations and international organisations. The more basic questions about what kinds of commitments to theories of knowledge underpin different models of complexity as a normative principle of good science are concealed in this mutual reinforcement. Additionally, a rather technocratic policy orientation to climate change may be supported by such science, even though it involves political choices which deserve to be more widely debated.  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice I: effect of orbital insolation changes     

Thomas J Crowley  Claire L Parkinson 《Climate Dynamics》1988,3(2):85-91

The effect of orbitally induced insolation changes on Antarctic sea-ice cover are examined by means of a dynamic-thermodynamic seaice model. Results are compared with modified CLIMAP 18 000 B.P. sea-ice reconstructions. Calculations suggest that changes in insolation receipt had only a minor influence on Pleistocene sea-ice distributions. The small response can be explained by a number of factors: albedo effects reduce the insolation perturbation at the surface; some of the shortwave radiation entering the ocean contributes to bottom ablation rather than lateral melting; the radiation perturbation at the upper surface of the ice must go to warming the surface to the melting point before melting ensues; and, finally, the relatively high heat capacity of open water dampens the surface temperature response to altered seasonal insolation perturbations.  相似文献   

Thunderstorm-associated responses in the vertical motion of the mid-latitude F-region ionosphere     

V.V. Kumar  M.L. Parkinson  P.L. Dyson  G.B. Burns 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(8-9):787-793

Mid-latitude Digisonde Doppler velocities, auroral electrojet (AE) indices and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strokes during August 2003–2004 were used to study the perturbations in the F-region vertical drift associated with terrestrial thunderstorms. A superposed epoch analysis (SEA) showed that the F-region vertical drifts V_z had a net descent of ～0.6 m s^?1 peaking ～3 h after lightning. Stronger downward perturbations of up to ～0.9 m s^?1 were observed in the afternoon on the day prior to lightning days. The perturbations were less significant on the day after and insignificant during the remaining intervals up to 144 h on either side of the lightning. The stronger responses on the day before are consistent with causality because the lightning times were merely proxies for the physical mechanisms involved. The actual causes are unclear, but we discuss the possible roles of lightning-induced ionisation enhancements, intense electric fields penetrating upward from electrified clouds, and atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) radiated from thunderstorms or from the accompanying tropospheric fronts. There is no doubt that the behaviour of the mid-latitude F-region is controlled by the thermospheric winds and the solar wind-magnetosphere electrical generators, but our results suggest that electrified clouds also account for a significant, albeit relatively small component of the ionospheric variability.  相似文献   

The transition region and coronal explorer   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Handy  B.N.  Acton  L.W.  Kankelborg  C.C.  Wolfson  C.J.  Akin  D.J.  Bruner  M.E.  Caravalho  R.  Catura  R.C.  Chevalier  R.  Duncan  D.W.  Edwards  C.G.  Feinstein  C.N.  Freeland  S.L.  Friedlaender  F.M.  Hoffmann  C.H.  Hurlburt  N.E.  Jurcevich  B.K.  Katz  N.L.  Kelly  G.A.  Lemen  J.R.  Levay  M.  Lindgren  R.W.  Mathur  D.P.  Meyer  S.B.  Morrison  S.J.  Morrison  M.D.  Nightingale  R.W.  Pope  T.P.  Rehse  R.A.  Schrijver  C.J.  Shine  R.A.  Shing  L.  Strong  K.T.  Tarbell  T.D.  Title  A.M.  Torgerson  D.D.  Golub  L.  Bookbinder  J.A.  Caldwell  D.  Cheimets  P.N.  Davis  W.N.  Deluca  E.E.  McMullen  R.A.  Warren  H.P.  Amato  D.  Fisher  R.  Maldonado  H.  Parkinson  C. 《Solar physics》1999,187(2):229-260

The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) satellite, launched 2 April 1998, is a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) that images the solar photosphere, transition region and corona with unprecedented spatial resolution and temporal continuity. To provide continuous coverage of solar phenomena, TRACE is located in a sun-synchronous polar orbit. The ∼700 Mbytes of data which are collected daily are made available for unrestricted use within a few days of observation. The instrument features a 30-cm Cassegrain telescope with a field of view of 8.5×.5 arc min and a spatial resolution of 1 arc sec (0.5 arc sec pixels). TRACE contains multilayer optics and a lumogen-coated CCD detector to record three EUV wavelengths and several UV wavelengths. It observes plasmas at selected temperatures from 6000 K to 10 MK with a typical temporal resolution of less than 1 min.  相似文献   

The Indigenous Aetas of Bataan,Philippines: Extraordinary genetic origins,modern history and land rights     

Mark P. McHenry  Julia Anwar‐McHenry  Vincent S. Balilla  Riva Marris Parkinson 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2013,34(3):292-306

The Aeta Magbukún of Bataan in Luzon, the Philippines remain one of the least known and documented Indigenous tribes. They retain primarily subsistence hunter‐gathering strategies to supply their basic needs. They also strive for recognition of their ancestral connection with, and rights to inhabit their ancestral forest domains, which is threatened by the expansion of agriculture and urban development by non‐Aetas, primarily the majority Tagalog population. The Aeta continue to endure dispossession, poverty and political discrimination through decades of protracted land rights processes. This review explores the potential use of recent genetic evidence in anthropology and human geography to legitimize the Aeta's status as Indigenous people and contradict the perspective of some governments in the Asia Pacific region who question the existence of Indigenous peoples generally, often from fear of land tenure and associated political repercussions. The acquisition and use of genetic research on Indigenous populations is both socially and politically contested through fear of the potential to jeopardize sovereignty claims and lead to biologically‐based discrimination. However, the full implications of the potential use of genetic research to legitimize Indigenous status, as described within this research, has yet to be thoroughly explored. By exploring both the genetic and anthropological evidence using a case study of the Indigenous Aeta, this paper provides a unique approach to building a case for Indigenous rights, occupation, use of ancestral lands, self‐determination, and ultimately, recognition as Indigenous people.  相似文献   

When can the Planck satellite measure spectral index running?     

Cédric Pahud  rew R. Liddle  Pia Mukherjee  David Parkinson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,381(2):489-493

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High resolution absorption cross section measurements of SO₂ at 213 K in the wavelength region 172–240 nm     

D.E. Freeman  K. Yoshino  J.R. Esmond  W.H. Parkinson 《Planetary and Space Science》1984,32(9):1125-1134

Laboratory measurements at high resolution of the absorption cross section of SO₂ at the temperature 213 K have been performed in the wavelength region 172–240 nm with a 6.65 m scanning spectrometer/spectrograph operated at an instrumental width of 0.002 nm. The measured cross sections are presented graphically in representative wavelength regions and are available throughout the region 172–240 nm at wavenumber intervals of 0.4–0.1 cm^?1 as a numerical tabulation stored on magnetic tape from the National Space Science Data Center, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, U.S.A. The measured cross sections, which are relevant to the photochemistry of planetary atmospheres, possess significantly more spectroscopic structure, and are more accurate, than previous measurements made at lower resolution.  相似文献   

Model selection as a science driver for dark energy surveys     

Pia Mukherjee  David Parkinson  Pier Stefano Corasaniti  rew R. Liddle  Martin Kunz 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(4):1725-1734

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Preface     

W.D. Parkinson  D.C. Tozer 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1981,25(3):III

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