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51.
Miad Saberi Farhad Behnamfar Mahmood Vafaeian 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2013,11(5):1373-1402
A buried pipe extends over long distances and passes through soils with different properties. In the event of an earthquake, the same pipe experiences a variable ground motion along its length. At bends, geometrically a more complicated problem exists where seismic waves propagating in a certain direction affect pipe before and after bend differently. Studying these different effects is the subject of this paper. Two variants for modeling of pipe, a beam model and a beam-shell hybrid model are examined. The surrounding soil is modeled with the conventional springs in both models. A suitable boundary condition is introduced at the ends of the system to simulate the far field. Effects of angle of incidence in the horizontal and vertical planes, angle of pipe bend, soil type, diameter to thickness ratio, and burial depth ratio on pipe strains at bend are examined thoroughly. It is concluded that extensional strains are highest at bends and these strains increase with the angle of incidence with the vertical axis. The pipe strains attain their peaks when pipe bend is around $135^{\circ }$ and exceed the elastic limit in certain cases especially in stiffer soils, but remain below the rupture limit. Then equations for predicting the seismic response of the buried pipe at bend are developed using the analytical data calculated above and regression analysis. It is shown that these semi-analytical equations predict the response with very good accuracy saving much time and effort. 相似文献
52.
宽频介电常数频谱测井技术最近被引进石油工业.这种新技术区别于传统介电常数测井技术在于多频率频谱的测定和利用.高频谱端包含介质油水饱和度信息,而低频谱端对介质中孔隙结构和水的分布形态很敏感.这种新技术可以有效地被应用于比如超淡水介质或者超黏度重油等对于常规测井来说是很困难的测量环境,而且受介质水中的含盐度影响很小.随着井下测井仪器的投入使用,相应的实验室岩芯测定设备和方法就变得重要起来.因为实验室环境相对较为稳定和可控,实验室岩芯测量结果是对井下测量的很好地验证和校订.文献中记载了许多非破坏性的实验室介电常数的测量设备,然而这些设备的共同局限性是它们对岩芯尺寸和岩芯样本的要求和限制,一般要求粉末状岩芯或者一厘米左右的小柱状岩芯.在碳酸盐介质中,非均匀性和各项异性非常普遍,小的岩芯样本能否涵盖井下设备测量尺度(1.5英寸)的特性很值得商榷.本文中介绍了一种最新设计的实验室大直径宽频介电常数测量设备.这个设备可以直接测量石油工业传统的1.5英寸岩芯样本,测量是非毁坏性的,也就是测量后的岩芯样本可以直接用于其它实验室测量设备,比如电阻率测量或核磁共振测量等.大量重复性试验测得的介电常数色散频谱的精确度对于低损耗介质在2%以内而对于高损耗介质在对孔隙度和含盐度校正以后精确度在3%.文中详细介绍了测量设备所使用的反演程序的算法模型,以及反演误差的算法.反演最后的误差可以用来做数据质量的评定.该测量装置被用于许多物质的测定.测定物质的数据库中合成石英(fused quartz),Teflon,合成陶瓷以及单晶硅的介电常数值可以在文献中找到.该设备的测量结果与文献参考值相符合,说明了该设备测量结果的可靠性.该设备还测量了矿物晶体碳酸钙,晶体白云石以及晶体硬石膏的介电常数,这是常见的碳酸盐介质的主要成分.这些测量给出了碳酸盐介质的边界成分区域值作为参考.该设备测量的两个单晶硅柱状样本的介电常数频谱特性发现退火会改变晶体的结构提高强度,同时会改变介质介电常数的特性.同时矿物晶体碳酸钙测量值高于粉末状测量结果也说明晶体结构可能会导致介电常数测量的不同.该设备具有1.5英寸的大尺度,因此具有和井下设备相仿的测量范围,因而不受介质水平各项异性的影响.但另一方面,该设备仍可以研究垂直各项异性.垂直各项异性的主要原因可能是化学成分不同,孔隙结构不对称或者温度对水分布的影响等等.在对岩石地面露头采样的研究中,宽频介电常数频谱实验室设备检测出了岩芯垂直各项异性,通过对比核磁共振一维孔隙度剖面结构发现总孔隙度不均衡以及分布不对称为该各项异性的主要来源,并且被CT图像所证实. 相似文献
53.
Mahmood Shafai-Bejestan Seyed Mojtaba Razavi Nabavi Subhasish Dey 《Acta Geophysica》2016,64(3):694-710
The installation of free falling jet grade control structures has become a popular choice for river bed stabilization. However, the formation and development of scour downstream of the structure may lead to failure of the structure itself. The current approaches to scour depth prediction are generally based on studies conducted with the absence of upward seepage. In the present study, the effects of upward seepage on the scour depth were investigated. A total of 78 tests without and with the application of upward seepage were carried out using three different sediment sizes, three different tailwater depths, four different flow discharges, and four different upward seepage flow discharge rates. In some tests, the three-dimensional components of the flow velocity within the scour hole were measured for both the cases with and without upward seepage. The scour depth measured for the no-seepage results compared well with the most accurate relationship found in the literature. It was found that generally the upward seepage reduced the downward velocity components near the bed, which led to a decrease in the maximum scour depth. A maximum scour depth reduction of 49% was found for a minimum tailwater depth, small sediment size, and high flow discharge. A decay of the downward velocity vector within the jet impingement was found due to the upward seepage flow velocity. The well known equation of D’Agostino and Ferro was modified to account for the effect of upward seepage, which satisfactorily predicted the experimental scour depth, with a reasonable average error of 10.7%. 相似文献
54.
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56.
Headcut, known as knickpoint migration too, is developed due to sudden change in channel bed followed by bed scour and erosion which progressing upstream. The results are the downstream morphological change and transporting massive sediment to the downstream reservoir. Most of the past studies focus on non-cohesive soils, although many problems occur because of cohesive soils. In this study, 10 different samples of cohesive soils in long term consolidation with different composition of silt and clay were tested under different circumstances of waterfall height and flow velocity to investigate the neck migration rate and the sediment yield. Tests were continued to reach a constant migration rate. One of the effective phenomena in all tests was tensional cracks on soil surface. The size and number of these cracks have inverse relation with percent of clay. Because of these cracks, massive erosion occurs at the beginning of all tests. By reducing percent of clay, headcut, waterfall height and sediment yield were increased and by reducing waterfall height and flow velocity these parameters were reduced. In lower percent of clay, headcut erosion will occur quickly with more slants. Caving phenomenon was not observed in any tests and massive erosion rate was more quickly. 相似文献
57.
Ijaz Ahmad Ahmad Zulfiqar Lisa Mona Mahmood Syed Amer Ali Asad Rehman Obaid Ur 《Water Resources》2019,46(6):894-909
Water Resources - Snow cover dynamics play an important role in the hydrological characteristics of Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of Pakistan in terms of seasonal accumulation and depletions. The current... 相似文献
58.
River confluences (RCs) are important features within river systems where the three dimensional (3D) flow structures and the downstream mixing of flows can cause deep scour holes. Despite this, few methods have been proposed to control scouring at RCs. In this study, application of a collar was experimentally examined for local scour control at the point where two rivers flow together. In parti-cular, experimental tests were done with and without collar application at three different locations. The results reveal that the scour depth is directly proportional to the discharge ratio, i.e. the ratio of lateral discharge to that in the channel downstream of the confluence, and the densimetric Froude number (Frg). In addition, installation of a collar at RCs can decrease the scour depth up to 100%, thus completely avoiding the scour process. The results also show that by increasing the Frg the optimal installation location for a collar changes and moves towards the river bed level. Using a collar can also reduce the height of the point bar formed downstream of the confluence. The outcomes of the study allow deri-vation of an equation for predicting scour depth when a collar is applied as a countermeasure. The analysis of this equation shows that the estimates are mostly affected by the Frg. 相似文献
59.
The Bela ophiolite of Pakistan contains a complete ophiolite-accretionary wedge-trench sequence emplaced onto the Indian continental margin during the northward drift of India-Seychelles over the active Réunion hotspot. A structurally higher ophiolite overlies an accretionary prism, which is thrust over a foreland basin. Shear-sense determinations in peridotite mylonites in the ophiolite footwall and imbrication structures in the underlying accretionary wedge indicate an ESE emplacement. Sedimentary rocks in the accretionary wedge indicate Aptian-Albian pillow lavas, initially deep water conditions, and increasing influence from the continent until the Maastrichtian. The ophiolite emplacement was predated and accompanied by Fe-tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism related to the Réunion hotspot and continuous incorporation of trench sediments into the accretionary wedge. 39 Ar/40 Ar dating shows that the ophiolite formed around 70 Ma. Intraoceanic subduction initiated between 70 and 65 Ma, obduction onto the Indian passive margin occurred during the formation of the Deccan traps at ≈ 66 Ma, and final thrusting onto the continental margin ended in the early Eocene (≈ 50 Ma). The ophiolite emplacement occurred during the counterclockwise separation of Madagascar and India-Seychelles which caused shortening and consumption of oceanic lithosphere between the African-Arabian and the Indian-Seychelles plates. 相似文献
60.