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Postglacial rebound is a long-studied phenomenon in Fennoscandia, and the general features of contemporary vertical motion (0–8 mm/year relative to mean sea level) are well known from tide gauges and repeated precise levelling. GPS on permanent stations has proved to be a powerful tool in studies of crustal motion, capable of detecting small trends in a fraction of the time required by the classical methods. We determine vertical velocities from 5 years of data in the permanent Finnish GPS network FinnRef®. We compare them with velocities derived from three precise levellings spanning nearly hundred years, and from tide gauge records. From the comparison, both FinnRef velocities and levelled velocities appear to be accurate to 0.4 mm/year (one-sigma). The isobases (lines of equal velocities) are less elongated towards northeast than in geophysical models of the rebound. However, the processing of nearly the same GPS data in BIFROST using different methods produces velocities that disagree with FinnRef more than levelling does. The levelled velocities are between the two GPS results and do not resolve the conflict. 相似文献
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About 170 bedrock, 550 till, and 180 organic-rich stream-sediment samples were collected at a regional scale over the Rautio batholith, and 490 rock and 1050 till samples at a local scale from around the Susineva Mo---Cu---Au occurrence which is located in the middle of the batholith. The rock samples from the regional study and selected rock samples from the Susineva area were analyzed for 32 elements. The rest of the rock samples from Susineva and all other sample types were analyzed for Mo and Cu only. 相似文献
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Aare Luts Tiia-Ene Parts Lauri Laakso Anne Hirsikko Tiia Grnholm Markku Kulmala 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):229-237
According to our previous measurements, waterfalls permanently modify air ion spectra. In this paper we performed a correlative study of these results and proposed some pathways which can produce the observed waterfall ions. The small ion composition near waterfalls should be different from that further away due to gaseous OH− core (water shell) clusters. We assumed that the combination of factors (autoionization, fluctuating charge rearrangement, surface protrusions, collisions, Coulomb explosion) serves as the main source of observed intermediate ions, and an extra source for large ions. Evaporation of droplets produces nearly equal numbers of positive and negative intermediate and large ions. Waterfall-produced intermediate ions can attach to the waterfall-produced larger particles, which creates an additional link between the waterfall intermediate and large ions. 相似文献
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Climate change: changing means and changing extremes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Markku Rummukainen 《Climatic change》2013,121(1):3-13
Ongoing global warming not only involves changes in temperature and the global mean; it affects more or less every part of the climate. Regional temperature changes are often greater or smaller than corresponding changes in the global mean. In some cases the direction of change may also be different. For example, temperature changes are higher over land than over the ocean. Precipitation increases in some regions but decreases in others. Changes in extreme events may differ from changes in the corresponding mean. Present scientific knowledge clearly indicates that the already observed global trend towards warmer conditions will continue and that it will be accompanied by changes in yet other aspects of climate. This paper highlights, as a brief review, aspects of our changing climate from the available scientific knowledge with a bearing on the energy sector. Its focus is on temperature and precipitation, with some consideration of wind and sea level, among others. While uncertainties remain as far as the magnitude of future global-scale changes is concerned, and even more so their many regional patterns, significant changes are foreseen in, for example, global and regional temperature and precipitation, sea level rise, and in the characteristics of various extreme events. 相似文献
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Juri Poutanen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,332(2):257-270
Observations suggest that accretion discs in many X-ray binaries are likely flared. An outer edge of the disc intercepts radiation from the central X-ray source. Part of that radiation is absorbed and re-emitted in the optical/UV spectral ranges. However, a large fraction of that radiation is reflected and appears in the broad-band X-ray spectrum as a Compton reflection bump. This radiation is delayed and variability is somewhat smeared compared with the intrinsic X-ray radiation. We compute response functions for flat and flared accretion discs and for isotropic and anisotropic X-ray sources. A simple approximation for the response function which is valid in the broad range of the disc shapes and inclinations, inner and outer radii, and the plasma bulk velocity is proposed. We also study the impact of the X-ray reprocessing on temporal characteristics of X-ray binaries such as the power spectral density, auto- and cross-correlation functions, and time/phase lags. We propose a reprocessing model which explains the secondary peaks in the phase lag Fourier spectra observed in Cyg X-1 and other Galactic black hole sources. The position of the peaks could be used to determine the size of the accretion disc. 相似文献