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121.
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123.
SARAL/AltiKa has a Dual Frequency Microwave Radiometer (DFMR), and Jason-2 has an Advanced Microwave Radiometer (AMR). Both microwave radiometer sensors include a 23.8 GHz primary water sensing channel. The measurement consistencies between DFMR and AMR are important for establishing a consistent altimetry data set between SARAL/AltiKa and Jason-2 in order to accurately assess sea level rise in a long-term time series. This study investigates the measurement consistency in the 23.8 GHz channel between DFMR and AMR at the Simultaneous Nadir Overpasses (SNO's) between the two satellites and also at coldest ocean brightness temperature locations. Preliminary results show that while both instruments show no significant trends over the one year since the launch of SARAL, a consistent relative bias of 2.88 K (DFMR higher than AMR) with a standard deviation of 0.98 K is observed. The relative bias at the lowest brightness temperature from the SNO method (-3.82 K) is consistent with that calculated from coldest ocean method (-3.74 K). The relative bias exhibits strong latitude (and scene temperature) dependency, changing from -3.82 K at high latitudes to -0.92 K near the equator. There also exists an asymmetry between the northern and southern hemisphere. The relative bias increases toward the lower end of brightness temperature. 相似文献
124.
In the last few decades there has been a surge in research focusing on coral disease. While climate change, specifically rising sea surface temperature, has been proposed as a major and growing driver of the emergence of marine diseases, to date a solid connection between disease epizootics and elevated sea surface temperature has not been established. However, a wealth of data now exists, compiled from many different perspectives, that may support such a connection. In this work we provide a comprehensive review targeting one coral disease, black band disease, that spans the infection process, pathobiology, and epizootiology, and links specific mechanisms of the disease process to increasing temperatures. This temperature‐driven pattern of infection can be expanded to include similar processes associated with other temperature‐related coral diseases. The conclusions presented here are based upon the results of many studies using a diverse suite of approaches that have been synthesized to argue that the emergence and continuing spread of black band disease is linked to warming sea surface temperatures. In summary, as global ocean temperatures increase seasonally and over decades, the environment shifts to become more favorable for the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms endemic to the immediate environment of the reef. The increase in the relative number of potential pathogens in the microbial community produces microenvironments conducive to the growth of other potential pathogens, leading to infection by a polymicrobial consortium. This consortium is easily perturbed by a (seasonal) temperature decrease, but remains associated with the coral host and can be reactivated with a subsequent seasonal increase in temperature, resulting in a cycle of temperature‐dependent disease emergence. 相似文献
125.
The development and transfer of clean energy technologies to achieve universal energy access is challenging due to the inherent complexities of the energy sector, and the energy governance and financial systems in developing economies. Innovation is an essential part of successfully addressing these difficulties. Duplicating the energy infrastructure models of developed countries will not be sufficient to meet the needs of poor consumers. To the extent that innovation can accelerate energy access, it is important to understand the specific types of innovations that are necessary and how they might be facilitated. The general features of existing international clean energy innovation systems, which are predominantly driven by the markets and emissions reduction mechanisms of developed and rapidly growing emerging economies, are reviewed and the alignment of these systems to the innovation processes required to extend energy access globally is evaluated. Drawing on the innovation policy literature, the attributes of effective international and domestic energy innovation systems that are pro-poor and the associated policy approaches are identified. 相似文献
126.
Pulkovo astrometric observations began in the 1840s using the Repsold transit instrument in the prime vertical and Ertel vertical
circle. The first observers on these instruments were W.I. Struve, 1840–1856, and Kh.I. Peters, 1842–1849. In the present
work, we collected and analyzed different series of latitude variations from observations made by M.O. Nuren, B. Wanach, A.A.
Ivanov, I.N. Bonsdorf, and A.Ya. Orlov. In addition, results are given of investigations of a specific behavior of the Chandler
polar motion in this interval, obtained by C. Chandler, Ivanov, Kh. Kimura, Orlov, and N. Sekiguchi. The aim of this paper
is to search for and analyze the earliest series of Pulkovo latitudes, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use to
study the motion of the pole at the maximum available range of observations. Different methods were used to isolate and analyze
the sum of Chandler and annual latitude variations. The annex provides a series of Pulkovo latitude variations for 1840–1848,
which may be used to extend latitude variation back to 1840. 相似文献
127.
Italo Foppiani John M. Hill Matteo Lombini Giovanni Bregoli Giuseppe Cosentino Emiliano Diolaiti Thomas M. Herbst Giancarlo Innocenti Daniel Meschke Douglas L. Miller Ralf-Rainer Rohloff Laura Schreiber 《Experimental Astronomy》2011,31(2-3):115-130
We describe the design, integration, and operation of the infrared test cameras for the commissioning of the Large Binocular Telescope. The design and construction phase lasted slightly more than one year from February 2007 to April 2008 and was the result of a joint collaboration among INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, Università di Bologna Dipartimento di Astronomia (Italy) and the Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany). Thereafter, the camera was delivered to the LBT Observatory (USA) for commissioning of the telescope active optics and, more recently, for commissioning of the first light adaptive optics. 相似文献
128.
The Laverton region, located in the eastern Yilgarn Craton (EYC) Western Australia, is second only to the Kalgoorlie region for gold endowment. The integration of high-density, potential-field data, regional- and camp-scale seismic reflection data, regional- and mine-scale structural analysis, and geochronologically-constrained stratigraphy, provided new insights into the 4D architecture and tectonic evolution of Laverton region. 相似文献
129.
Site assessment and monitoring data were analyzed for 26 stream restoration projects in North Carolina where the channel was
reconfigured. Post-project changes in channel capacity were highly variable from site to site, but more than 60% of the projects
underwent, on average at a given site, at least a 20% change in channel capacity. An analysis of site and basin geomorphology
revealed that large post-construction adjustments were associated with highly dynamic stream channels characterized by a combination
of high sediment transport capacity, large sediment supply, and/or easily eroded bank materials. In-stream structures along
dynamic, reconfigured channels also exhibited high incidences of damage. Thus, the design and construction of channels in
a state of equilibrium, which do not exhibit excessive erosion or deposition along highly dynamic rivers is currently problematic.
In light of these findings, a conceptual framework based on geomorphic parameters is put forth to assess the likelihood of
project success early in the design process to (1) eliminate high risk sites from consideration of channel reconfiguration
and (2) improve upon the implemented management strategies that are ultimately used. It is also argued that where space permits
an enhanced natural channel, adjustment approach is likely to be more effective than projects based on natural channel design. 相似文献
130.
Journal of Geographical Systems - The widespread availability of high spatial and temporal resolution public transit data is improving the measurement and analysis of public transit-based... 相似文献