Early life history of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the northwest Gulf of Alaska: a historical perspective based on larval collections, October 1977-March 1979     

Doyle  Miriam J.; Busby  Morgan S.; Duffy-Anderson  Janet T.; Picquelle  Susan J.; Matarese  Ann C. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(5):997-1005

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Interstitial water profiles and sites of diagenetic reactions,Leg 35, DSDP,Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain     

M. Kastner  J.M. Gieskes 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,33(1):11-20

Discrepancies between predicted and observed interstitial water profiles for sites 322 and 323, Leg 35, Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain, were used to identify sites of reaction for further mineralogical and chemical investigations. Two major reaction sites were identified at site 323:(1) In the silicification zone between 410 and 505 m depth, where dissolution of biogenic (opaline) silica, plagioclase and a few coccoliths and the formation of opal-CT, Mg-rich smectite and K-feldspar are responsible for the observed silica, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ interstitial water gradients. Dissolution of biogenic silica provided most of the silica for the porcelanites.(2) In the basalt, weathering of pyroxene and plagioclase and the formation of celadonite, smectite, calcite, and goethite are probably responsible for the observed Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ interstitial water gradients below the silicification zone.The chemistry of authigenic smectites reflects the composition of their precursor(s).  相似文献   

Combustion metamorphism of bituminous sediments and the formation of melts of granitic and sedimentary composition     

Y.K Bentor  M Kastner  I Perlman  Y Yellin 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1981,45(11):2229-2255

During combustion metamorphism, i.e. the heating of sediments rich in organic matter by spontaneous subsurface combustion, temperatures obtained are frequently high enough to cause partial or total melting of the original rocks. These melts are of particular geochemical interest because at lower temperatures their composition closely simulates that of granitic and at higher temperatures that of common sedimentary rocks. At the California localities, studied here, the parent rocks are mainly bituminous mudstones with smaller amounts of diatomites and phosphorites and lesser dolomites, limestones, shales and cherts. It is estimated that rock melting started below 1000° C. The first partial melts correspond to a melt fraction of about 5% have a constant composition which is controlled by the eutectic of the dominant mudstones, and are undistinguishable in major and trace element composition from common S-type granites. Compared with the original rocks, these melts are enriched in SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, Na₂O, as well as in Ta, Hf, Zr, Th and REE, and are depleted in all other elements studied. The only difference between these low-temperature melts and granitic ones is their oxygen isotope composition, which is that of the sedimentary parent rocks. These melts intruded the country rocks as sills and dikes and cooled to glassy rocks simulating obsidians.As temperatures rose, the melts changed composition and left the magmatic field. At the highest temperatures (in excess of 1650 C), their composition equals that of the original sediments from which they are derived, except for volatile components such as H₂O and CO₂. These melts formed intrusive bodies, mainly stocks, up to several kilometers across. On cooling, these melts formed fine-grained but holocrystalline rocks, the dominant minerals of which are cristobalite, α- and β-tridymite, calcic plagioclase, cordierite, wollastonite, gehlenite, andradite and apatite. Where the parent rocks included phosphorites, two immiscible melts formed an emulsion in which droplets of apatitic composition are surrounded by a silicate melt, almost devoid of P₂O₅.  相似文献   

Factors driving international technology transfer: empirical insights from a CDM project survey     

Carsten Gandenberger  Miriam Bodenheimer  Joachim Schleich  Robert Orzanna  Lioba Macht 《Climate Policy》2016,16(8):1065-1084

This study empirically explores factors driving international technology transfer via Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects by explicitly considering factors that have been identified in the literature on international technology transfer as being relevant for transfer success. These factors include technological characteristics, such as the novelty and complexity of a technology, as well as the use of different transfer channels. Employing data from an original survey of CDM project participants, the econometric analysis also distinguishes between knowledge and equipment transfer. The findings suggest that more complex technologies and the use of export as a transfer channel are both associated with a higher degree of technology transfer. Projects involving two- to five-year-old technologies seem more likely to involve technology transfer than both younger and older technologies. Energy supply and efficiency projects are correlated with a higher degree of technology transfer than non-energy projects. Unlike previous studies, technology transfer was not related to project size, to the length of time a country has hosted CDM projects, or to the host country's absorptive capacity. The findings for knowledge and equipment transfer are similar, but not identical.

Policy relevance

CDM projects are often seen as a vehicle for the transfer of climate technologies from industrialized to developing countries. Technology transfer is an important element of the new and emerging market mechanisms and frameworks under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, such as the Technology Mechanism, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Thus, a clearer understanding of the factors driving technology transfer may help policy makers in their design of such mechanisms. For the CDM, this may be achieved by including more stringent technology transfer requirements in countries’ CDM project approval processes. Based on our findings, such policies should focus particularly on energy supply and efficiency technologies. Likewise, it may be beneficial for host countries to condition project approval on the novelty and complexity of technologies and adjust these provisions over time. Since such technological characteristics are not captured systematically by project design documents, using a survey-based evaluation opens up new opportunities for a more holistic and targeted evaluation of technology transfer in CDM projects.  相似文献   

Luminescence dating of canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Southern Cambodia     

David C.W. Sanderson  Paul Bishop  Miriam Stark  Sally Alexander  Dan Penny 《Quaternary Geochronology》2007,2(1-4):322-329

Work to apply luminescence dating to archaeological sites in the Lower Mekong Delta has continued with a programme aimed at dating ancient canal sediments and brick monuments in the vicinity of ancient city of Angkor Borei. Following the successful application of OSL dating to the Paris 2 canal near Angkor Borei further fieldwork and analysis has been undertaken. The infill and substrate of the larger Paris 4 canal connecting Angkor Borei to Oc Eo, some 80 km to the south in Vietnam has been sampled and subjected to luminescence analysis. Field spectroscopy and underwater bleaching experiments were also conducted in the Baray and Angkor Borei in 2004. The results show that both illumination intensities and spectral distributions are severely altered by as little as 1.5 m of turbid water, and that OSL bleaching rates for both quartz and feldspars are reduced. Since quartz resetting is heavily dependant on the UV components in daylight, which have preferentially attenuated the effects of turbid water on OSL zeroing rates are especially marked. The new data from the Paris 4 canal, which has been dated by OSL to be between the first millenium BC and the late first millenium AD are significant to understanding the archaeological development of the Fu Nan state in the Lower Mekong Delta, and the sequence of development of the canal network linking inland agrarian sites and coastal trading centres.  相似文献   

Hydrology needed to manage droughts: the 2015 European case   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Henny A.J. Van Lanen  Gregor Laaha  Daniel G. Kingston  Tobias Gauster  Monica Ionita  Jean‐Philippe Vidal  Radek Vlnas  Lena M. Tallaksen  Kerstin Stahl  Jamie Hannaford  Claire Delus  Miriam Fendekova  Luis Mediero  Christel Prudhomme  Ekaterina Rets  Renata J. Romanowicz  Sébastien Gailliez  Wai Kwok Wong  Mary‐Jeanne Adler  Veit Blauhut  Laurie Caillouet  Silvia Chelcea  Natalia Frolova  Lukas Gudmundsson  Martin Hanel  Klaus Haslinger  Maria Kireeva  Marzena Osuch  Eric Sauquet  James H. Stagge  Anne F. Van Loon 《水文研究》2016,30(17):3097-3104

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An interdisciplinary approach to the collapse of the port and degradation of freshwater resources at Panama Viejo (Panama), 1519–1671     

Miriam Martos  Bethany Aram  Gonzalo Malvarez 《Geoarchaeology》2024,39(3):320-334

The Archaeological Site of Panama Viejo (Panama) comprises a protected area of 28 km² within present-day Panama City, on America's Pacific coast. In 1519, the Spaniards founded the city of Panama Viejo to secure a natural port in an area inhabited by indigenous peoples since at least the eighth century CE. The site, along the coastline and between two rivers, became a principal gateway for goods and people travelling between Europe and Pacific settlements to the east (Realejo) and the west (Trujillo, Lima, Arica). Within one century, however, Panama Viejo's natural port and freshwater infrastructure collapsed, leading to the city's relocation after corsairs attacked it in 1671. This study combines archaeological, geographical and historical analyses to explain how and why human interactions with the local environment made the settlement increasingly untenable.  相似文献   

Optical properties of Titan and early Earth haze laboratory analogs in the mid-visible     

Christa A. Hasenkopf  Melinda R. Beaver  Melissa G. Trainer  Miriam A. Freedman  Christopher P. McKay 《Icarus》2010,207(2):903-913

Scattering and absorption of sunlight by aerosols are integral to understanding the radiative balance of any planetary atmosphere covered in a haze, such as Titan and possibly the early Earth. One key optical parameter of an aerosol is its refractive index. We have simulated both Titan and early Earth organic haze aerosols in the laboratory and measured the real and imaginary portion of their refractive index at λ = 532 nm using cavity ringdown aerosol extinction spectroscopy. This novel technique allows analysis on freely-floating particles minutes after formation. For our Titan analog particles, we find a real refractive index of n = 1.35 ± 0.01 and an imaginary refractive index k = 0.023 ± 0.007, and for the early Earth analog particles we find n = 1.81 ± 0.02 and k = 0.055 ± 0.020. The Titan analog refractive index has a smaller real and similar imaginary refractive index compared to most previous laboratory measurements of Titan analog films, including values from Khare et al. (Khare, B.N., Sagan, C., Arakawa, E.T., Suits, F., Callcott, T.A., Williams, M.W. [1984]. Icarus 60, 127-137). These newly measured Titan analog values have implications for spacecraft retrievals of aerosol properties on Titan. The early Earth analog has a significantly higher real and imaginary refractive index than Titan analogs reported in the literature. These differences suggest that, for a given amount of aerosol, the early Earth analog would act as a stronger anti-greenhouse agent than the Titan analog.  相似文献   

Phytolith evidence for human-plant subsistence in Yahuai Cave (Guangxi,South China) over the past 30000 years     

Wu  Yan  Xie  Guangmao  Mao  Limi  Zhao  Zhijun  Belmaker  Miriam 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(11):1745-1757

Science China Earth Sciences - South China preserves a rich archaeological record elucidating the evolution of early modern humans during the Late Pleistocene. However, few studies on plant...  相似文献   

Testing the utility of structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry reconstructions using small unmanned aerial vehicles and ground photography to estimate the extent of upland soil erosion   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Miriam Glendell  Gareth McShane  Luke Farrow  Mike R. James  John Quinton  Karen Anderson  Martin Evans  Pia Benaud  Barry Rawlins  David Morgan  Lee Jones  Matthew Kirkham  Leon DeBell  Timothy A. Quine  Murray Lark  Jane Rickson  Richard E. Brazier 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(12):1860-1871

Quantifying the extent of soil erosion at a fine spatial resolution can be time consuming and costly; however, proximal remote sensing approaches to collect topographic data present an emerging alternative for quantifying soil volumes lost via erosion. Herein we compare terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and both unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and ground photography (GP) structure‐from‐motion (SfM) derived topography. We compare the cost‐effectiveness and accuracy of both SfM techniques to TLS for erosion gully surveying in upland landscapes, treating TLS as a benchmark. Further, we quantify volumetric soil loss estimates from upland gullies using digital surface models derived by each technique and subtracted from an interpolated pre‐erosion surface. Soil loss estimates from UAV and GP SfM reconstructions were comparable to those from TLS, whereby the slopes of the relationship between all three techniques were not significantly different from 1:1 line. Only for the TLS to GP comparison was the intercept significantly different from zero, showing that GP is more capable of measuring the volumes of very small erosion features. In terms of cost‐effectiveness in data collection and processing time, both UAV and GP were comparable with the TLS on a per‐site basis (13.4 and 8.2 person‐hours versus 13.4 for TLS); however, GP was less suitable for surveying larger areas (127 person‐hours per ha^?1 versus 4.5 for UAV and 3.9 for TLS). Annual repeat surveys using GP were capable of detecting mean vertical erosion change on peaty soils. These first published estimates of whole gully erosion rates (0.077 m a^?1) suggest that combined erosion rates on gully floors and walls are around three times the value of previous estimates, which largely characterize wind and rainsplash erosion of gully walls. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献