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281.
Chisholm Nicole Nagare Baban Wainwright Charlotte Creegan Ed Salehpoor Leyla VandenBoer Trevor C. Bullock Terry Croft Betty Lesins Glen Osthoff Hans Fernando H. J. S. Chang Rachel Y.-W. 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2021,181(2-3):345-364
Boundary-Layer Meteorology - Marine aerosols play an important role in the Earth’s climate, but their effects remain highly uncertain due to a poor understanding of their sources, properties,... 相似文献
282.
283.
Cell-Fe(III) mineral aggregates produced by anoxygenic Fe(II)-oxidizing photoautotrophic microorganisms (photoferrotrophs) may be influential in the modern Fe cycle and were likely an integral part of ancient biogeochemical cycles on early Earth. While studies have focused on the environmental conditions under which modern photoferrotrophs grow and the kinetics, physiology and mechanism of Fe(II) oxidation, no systematic analyses of the physico-chemical characteristics of those aggregates, such as shape, size, density and chemical composition, have as yet been conducted. Herein, experimental results show most aggregates are bulbous or ragged in shape, with an average particle size of 10-40 μm, and densities that typically range between 2.0 and 2.4 g/cm3; the cell fraction of the aggregates increased and their density decreased with initial Fe(II) concentration. The mineralogy of the ferric iron phase depended on the composition of the medium: goethite formed in cultures grown by oxidation of dissolved Fe(II) medium in the presence of low phosphate concentrations, while poorly ordered ferrihydrite (or Fe(III) phosphates) formed when amorphous Fe(II) minerals (Fe(II)-phosphates) and high concentrations of phosphate were initially present. Importantly, in all experiments, a fraction of the photoautotrophic cells remained planktonic, demonstrating a constant stoichiometric excess of Fe(III) compared to the autotrophically fixed carbon in the biogenic precipitate. These results not only have an important bearing on nutrient and trace element cycling in the modern water column, but the size, shape and composition of the aggregates can be used to estimate aggregate reactivity during sediment diagenesis over short and geologic time scales. 相似文献
284.
Paleo-fluids characterisation and fluid flow modelling along a regional transect in Northern United Arab Emirates (UAE) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jean-Paul Callot Liesbeth Breesch Nicole Guilhaumou François Roure Rudy Swennen Nadège Vilasi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2010,3(4):413-437
In the Northern Emirates, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Musandam parautochthonous units are tectonically overlain by siliciclastic units of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon, which derive from the former paleo-slope domain and a more distal basinal portion of the Arabian margin of the Tethys, respectively. All these tectonic units display numerous evidences of paleo-fluid circulations, accounting for dolomitisation and recrystallisation of the rock matrix (Musandam Platform units), as well as cementation of fractures. Polymict breccias of Upper Cretaceous Ausaq Formation which underlay the sole thrust of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon also record episodes of hydraulic fracturing, whereas fluid inclusion data indicate precipitation at high temperature in relation to paleo-fluid flow. Petrography of thin-sections (conventional and cathodoluminescence microscopic techniques) as well as fluid inclusion and stable isotopes analyses, were combined with micro-tectonic studies. These analytical data document (1) the paragenetic sequence of diagenetic products for the Musandam Platform (which constitutes a carbonate reservoir analogue) and Sumeini units of the Dibba Zone, as well as (2) the nature of the paleo-fluids circulating along fractures and the sole thrust of the Hawasina–Sumeini allochthon. The main results of this petrographic approach are qualitative, evidencing (1) the rapid and vertical transfer of hot fluids in the vicinity of the former slope to platform transition, accounting for episodes of hydrothermal dolomitisation, as well as (2) early (i.e. pre-orogenic) and late (i.e. post-orogenic) episodes of emersion of the carbonate units, accounting for additional interactions with meteoric fluids and karstification. In order to better link these diagenetic events with the overall burial, thermal and kinematic evolution of the Arabian margin, basin modelling with Ceres2D, including fluid flow and pore-fluid pressure modelling, was subsequently performed along a regional transect (D4) located in the vicinity of the samples localities and cross-cutting the Northern Oman Mountains from Dibba in the east up to the Arabian Gulf in the west. New subsurface constraints provided by deep seismic profiles were used to constrain the architecture of the cross-section, and to test various hypotheses on the lateral and vertical connection, timing and hydrodynamic behaviour of the faults. This Ceres basin modelling also provides new quantitative estimates of the paleo-fluid pathways, of the timing and velocities of the fluid transfers and of the evolution of pore-fluid pressures. Ultimately, this integration of petrographic studies on surface samples and coupled kinematic and fluid flow basin modelling provides an updated scenario for the succession of tectonically controlled episodes of fluid rock interactions, namely dolomitisation and karstification recorded in the Mesozoic platform carbonates of the Northern Emirates. 相似文献
285.
Nicole GÜLDEMEISTER Kai WÜNNEMANN Nathanael DURR Stefan HIERMAIER 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2013,48(1):115-133
Generation and propagation of shock waves by meteorite impact is significantly affected by material properties such as porosity, water content, and strength. The objective of this work was to quantify processes related to the shock‐induced compaction of pore space by numerical modeling, and compare the results with data obtained in the framework of the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network (MEMIN) impact experiments. We use mesoscale models resolving the collapse of individual pores to validate macroscopic (homogenized) approaches describing the bulk behavior of porous and water‐saturated materials in large‐scale models of crater formation, and to quantify localized shock amplification as a result of pore space crushing. We carried out a suite of numerical models of planar shock wave propagation through a well‐defined area (the “sample”) of porous and/or water‐saturated material. The porous sample is either represented by a homogeneous unit where porosity is treated as a state variable (macroscale model) and water content by an equation of state for mixed material (ANEOS) or by a defined number of individually resolved pores (mesoscale model). We varied porosity and water content and measured thermodynamic parameters such as shock wave velocity and particle velocity on meso‐ and macroscales in separate simulations. The mesoscale models provide additional data on the heterogeneous distribution of peak shock pressures as a consequence of the complex superposition of reflecting rarefaction waves and shock waves originating from the crushing of pores. We quantify the bulk effect of porosity, the reduction in shock pressure, in terms of Hugoniot data as a function of porosity, water content, and strength of a quartzite matrix. We find a good agreement between meso‐, macroscale models and Hugoniot data from shock experiments. We also propose a combination of a porosity compaction model (ε–α model) that was previously only used for porous materials and the ANEOS for water‐saturated quartzite (all pore space is filled with water) to describe the behavior of partially water‐saturated material during shock compression. Localized amplification of shock pressures results from pore collapse and can reach as much as four times the average shock pressure in the porous sample. This may explain the often observed localized high shock pressure phases next to more or less unshocked grains in impactites and meteorites. 相似文献
286.
In discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling, fractures are randomly generated and placed in the model domain. The rock matrix is considered impermeable. Small fractures and isolated fractures are often ignored to reduce computational expense. As a result, the rock matrix between fractures could be large and intersections may not be found between a well introduced in the model and the hydraulically connected fracture networks (fracture backbones). To overcome this issue, this study developed a method to conceptualize a well in a three-dimensional (3D) DFN using two orthogonal rectangular fractures oriented along the well's axis. Six parameters were introduced to parameterize the well screen and skin zone, and to control the connectivity between the well and the fracture backbones. The two orthogonal fractures were discretized using a high-resolution mesh to improve the quality of flow and transport simulations around and along the well. The method was successfully implemented within dfnWorks 2.0 (Hyman et al. 2015) to incorporate a well in a 3D DFN and to track particles leaving an injection well and migrating to a pumping well. Verification of the method against MODFLOW/MODPATH found a perfect match in simulated hydraulic head and particle tracking. Using three examples, the study showed that the method ensured the connectivity between wells and fracture backbones, and honored the physical processes of flow and transport along and around wells in DFNs. Recommendations are given for estimating the values of the six introduced well parameters in a real-world case study. 相似文献
287.
Assessing climate change vulnerability in the arctic using geographic information services in spatial data infrastructures 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Timely knowing about climate change impacts is crucial to adequately plan and undertake adaptive measures and thus to effectively
lower vulnerability. This requires gathering and integrating geographic information on exposure, local response mechanisms
and stakeholders’ concerns. Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) are internet-based information systems that facilitate the
exchange and use of distributed geographic information. This paper presents the application of SDI to climate change assessment
by implementing a generic methodology for the quantification of vulnerability to climate change. The resulting integrated
tool allows scientists, stakeholders and decision makers to communicate, assess and improve information about vulnerability
to climate change. We show how emerging internet technologies and SDI in particular, make a new interactive approach of assessing
vulnerability to climate change possible. Vulnerability was quantified based on an active stakeholder involvement by incorporating
their varying perceptions, by allowing them to provide feedback and by supporting the acquisition of stakeholders’ knowledge.
However, the application showed that to be effective, efforts to achieve and maintain interoperability between the various
scientific disciplines should be kept integrated within mainstream IT developments. 相似文献
288.
Results from a suite of 30-year simulations (after spin-up) of the fully coupled Community Climate System Model version 2.0.1
are analyzed to examine the impact of doubling CO2 on interactions between the global water cycle and the regional water cycles of four similar-size, but hydrologically and
thermally different study regions (the Yukon, Ob, St Lawrence, and Colorado river basins and their adjacent land). A heuristic
evaluation based on published climatological data shows that the model generally produces acceptable results for the control
1× CO2 concentration, except for mountainous regions where it performs like other modern climate models. After doubling CO2, the Northern Hemisphere receives significantly (95% confidence level) more moisture from the Southern Hemisphere during
the boreal summer than under 1× CO2 conditions, and the phase of the annual cycle of net moisture transport to areas north of 60°N shifts to a month later than
in the reference simulation. Precipitation and evapotranspiration in the doubled CO2 simulation increase for the Yukon, Ob, and St Lawrence, but decrease, on average, for the Colorado region compared to the
reference simulation. For all regions, interaction between global and regional water cycles increases under doubled CO2, because the amount of moisture entering and leaving the regions increases in the warmer climate. The degree of change in
this interaction depends on region and season, and is related to slight shifts in the position/strength of semi-permanent
highs and lows for the Yukon, Ob, and St Lawrence; in the Colorado region, higher temperatures associated with doubling CO2 and the anticyclone located over the region increase the persistence of dry conditions. 相似文献
289.
Nicole A. Stroncik Andreas Klügel Thor H. Hansteen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(5):593-607
A thermobarometric and petrologic study of basanites erupted from young volcanic cones along the submarine portions of the
three El Hierro rift zones (NE-Rift, NW-Rift and S-Ridge) has been performed to reconstruct magma plumbing and storage beneath
the island. Mineral-melt thermobarometry applied to naturally quenched glass and clinopyroxene rims yields pressures ranging
from 350 to 1070 MPa with about 80% of the calculated pressures being in the range of 600–800 MPa. This corresponds to a depth
range of 19–26 km, implying that the main level of final crystal fractionation is within the uppermost mantle. No systematic
dependence between sample locality and fractionation pressures could be observed. Olivine and clinopyroxene crystals in the
rocks are complexly zoned and have, on an inter-sample as well as on an intra-sample scale, highly variable core and rim compositions.
This can best be explained by mixing of multiply saturated (olivine, magnetite, clinopyroxene, ilmenite), moderately evolved
magmas with more mafic magmas being either only saturated with olivine + spinel or with olivine + spinel + clinopyroxene.
The inter-sample differences indicate derivation from small, isolated magma chambers which have undergone distinct fractionation
and mixing histories. This is in contrast to oceanic intraplate volcanoes situated on plumes with high melt supply rates,
e.g. Kilauea Volcano (Hawaii), where magma is mainly transported through a central conduit system and stored in a shallow
magma chamber prior to injection into the rift zones. The plumbing system beneath El Hierro rather resembles the magma storage
systems beneath, e.g. Madeira or La Palma, indicating that small, intermittent magma chambers might be a common feature of
oceanic islands fed by plumes with relatively low fluxes, which results in only limited and periodic magma supply. 相似文献
290.
Jennyfer Miot Karim Benzerara Andreas Kappler Martin Obst Fériel Skouri-Panet Nicole Posth Gordon E. Brown Jr. François Guyot 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(3):696-1446
Minerals formed by bio-oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe(II)) at neutral pH, their association with bacterial ultrastructures as well as their impact on the metabolism of iron-oxidizing bacteria remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated iron biomineralization by the anaerobic nitrate-dependent iron-oxidizing bacterium Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1 in the presence of dissolved Fe(II) using electron microscopy and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). All detected minerals consisted mainly of amorphous iron phosphates, but based on their morphology and localization, three types of precipitates could be discriminated: (1) mineralized filaments at distance from the cells, (2) globules of 100 ± 25 nm in diameter, at the cell surface and (3) a 40-nm thick mineralized layer within the periplasm. All of those phases were shown to be intimately associated with organic molecules. Periplasmic encrustation was accompanied by an accumulation of protein moieties. In the same way, exopolysaccharides were associated with the extracellular mineralized filaments. The evolution of cell encrustation was followed by TEM over the time course of a culture: cell encrustation proceeded progressively, with rapid precipitation in the periplasm (in a few tens of minutes), followed by the formation of surface-bound globules. Moreover, we frequently observed an asymmetric mineral thickening at the cell poles. In parallel, the evolution of iron oxidation was quantified by STXM: iron both contained in the bacteria and in the extracellular precipitates reached complete oxidation within 6 days. While a progressive oxidation of Fe in the bacteria and in the medium could be observed, spatial redox (oxido-reduction state) heterogeneities were detected at the cell poles and in the extracellular precipitates after 1 day. All these findings provide new information to further the understanding of molecular processes involved in iron biomineralization by anaerobic iron-oxidizing bacteria and offer potential signatures of those metabolisms that can be looked for in the geological record. 相似文献