Suspended Matter,Chl-a,CDOM, Grain Sizes,and Optical Properties in the Arctic Fjord-Type Estuary,Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland During Summer     

Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen  Thorbjørn Joest Andersen  Morten Holtegaard Nielsen  Morten Pejrup 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(6):1442-1451

Optical constituents as suspended particulate matter (SPM), chlorophyll (Chl-a), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and grain sizes were obtained on a transect in the arctic fjord-type estuary Kangerlussuaq (66°) in August 2007 along with optical properties. These comprised diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling PAR (K _d(PAR)), upwelling PAR (K _u(PAR)), particle beam attenuation coefficient (c _p), and irradiance reflectance R(−0, PAR). PAR is white light between 400 and 700 nm. The estuary receives melt water from the Greenland Inland Ice and stations covered a transect from the very high turbid melt water outlet to clear marine waters. Results showed a strong spatial variation with high values as for suspended matter concentrations, CDOM, diffuse attenuation coefficient K _d(PAR), particle beam attenuation coefficients (c _p), and reflectance R(−0, PAR) at the melt water outlet. Values of optical constituents and properties decreased with distance from the melt water outlet to a more or less constant level in central and outer part of the estuary. There was a strong correlation between inorganic suspended matter (SPMI) and diffuse attenuation coefficient K _d(PAR) (r ² = 0.92) and also for particle beam attenuation coefficient (c _p; r ² = 0.93). The obtained SPMI specific attenuation—K _d^*(PAR) = 0.13 m² g⁻¹ SPMI—and the SPMI specific particle beam attenuation—c _p^* = 0.72 m² g⁻¹—coefficients were about two times higher than average literature values. Irradiance reflectance R(−0, PAR) was comparatively high (0.09−0.20) and showed a high (r ² = 0.80) correlation with K _u(PAR). Scattering dominated relative to absorption—b(PAR)/a(PAR) = 12.3. Results strongly indicated that the high values in the optical properties were related to the very fine particle sizes (mean = 2–6 μm) of the suspended sediment. Data and results are discussed and compared to similar studies from both temperate and tropical estuaries.  相似文献   

Atlantic surface water inflow to the Nordic seas during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (mid–late Younger Dryas and Pre‐Boreal periods, 12 450–10 000 a BP)     

Tine L. Rasmussen  Erik Thomsen  Tove Nielsen  Stefan Wastegård 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(7):723-733

The inflow of Atlantic Water to the Nordic seas from mid–late Younger Dryas to earliest Holocene (12 450–10 000 a BP) is reconstructed on the basis of a high‐resolution core (LINK14) from 346 m water depth on the east Faroe shelf. We have analysed the distribution of planktic and benthic foraminifera, stable isotopes and ice‐rafted debris (IRD), and calculated absolute temperatures and salinities by transfer functions. During the investigated time period there was almost continuous inflow of Atlantic Water to the Nordic seas. Deposition of IRD during the mid–late Younger Dryas and Pre‐Boreal coolings indicates the presence of melting icebergs and that summer sea surface temperatures were low. The east–west temperature gradient across the Faroe–Shetland Channel was much steeper than today. The cold conditions around the Faroe Islands are attributed to stronger East Greenland and East Icelandic currents than at present. The near‐continuous inflow of Atlantic Water is consistent with published evidence suggesting that deep convection took place in the Nordic seas, although the convection sites probably had shifted to a more easterly position than at present. Around the time of deposition of the Saksunarvatn Tephra c. 10 350 a BP, sea surface temperatures increased to the present level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ROBUST: The ROle of BUffering capacities in STabilising coastal lagoon ecosystems     

Rutger de Wit  Lucas J. Stal  Bente Aa. Lomstein  Rodney A. Herbert  Hans van Gemerden  Pierluigi Viaroli  Victor-Ugo Cecherelli  Francisco Rodríguez-Valera  Marco Bartoli  Gianmarco Giordani  Roberta Azzoni  Bart Schaub  David T. Welsh  Andrew Donnelly  Ana Cifuentes  Josefa Antn  Kai Finster  Lise B. Nielsen  Anne-Grethe Underlien Pedersen  Anne Turi Neubauer  Marina A. Colangelo  Sander K. Heijs 《Continental Shelf Research》2001,21(18-19)

“Buffer capacities” has been defined in ecology as a holistic concept (e.g., Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern, second ed. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997, 388pp), but we show that it can also be worked out in mechanistic studies. Our mechanistic approach highlights that “buffering capacities” can be depleted progressively, and, therefore, we make a distinction between current and potential “buffering capacities”. We have applied this concept to understand the limited “local stability” in seagrass ecosystems and their vulnerability towards structural changes into macro-algal dominated communities. We explored the following processes and studied how they confer buffering capacities to the seagrass ecosystem: (i) net autotrophy is persistent in Zostera noltii meadows where plant assimilation acts as a sink for nutrients, this contrasted with the Ulva system that shifted back and forth between net autotrophy and net heterotrophy; (ii) the Z. noltii ecosystem possesses a certain albeit rather limited capacity to modify the balance between nitrogen fixation and denitrification, i.e., it was found that in situ nitrogen fixation always exceeded denitrification; (iii) the nitrogen demand of organoheterotrophic bacteria in the sediment results in nitrogen retention of N in the sediment and hence a buffer against release of nitrogen compounds from sediments, (iv) habitat diversification in seagrass meadows provides shelter for meiofauna and hence buffering against adverse conditions, (v) sedimentary iron provides a buffer against noxious sulfide (note: bacterial sulfide production is enhanced in anoxic sediment niches by increased organic matter loading). On the other hand, in the coastal system we studied, sedimentary iron appears less important as a redox-coupled buffer system against phosphate loading. This is because most inorganic phosphate is bound to calcium rather than to iron. In addition, our studies have highlighted the importance of plant–microbe interactions in the seagrass meadows.  相似文献   

Melt inclusions in high-An plagioclase from the Gorda Ridge: an example of the local diversity of MORB parent magmas   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

R. L. Nielsen  Jennifer Crum  Rene Bourgeois  Kaylea Hascall  Lance M. Forsythe  Martin R. Fisk  David M. Christie 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,122(1-2):34-50

 The use of ocean floor basalt chemistry as a tool to investigate mantle composition and processes requires that we work with basalts that have been modified little since leaving the mantle. One source of such basalts is melt inclusions trapped in primitive crystals. However, obtaining information from these melt inclusions is complicated by the fact that melt inclusions in natural basalts are essentially always altered by post-entrapment crystallization. This requires that we develop techniques for reconstructing the original trapped liquid compositions. We conducted a series of experiments to reverse the effects of post-entrapment crystallization by re-heating the host crystals to their crystallization temperature. For these experiments we used plagioclase crystals separated from a single Gorda Ridge lava. The crystallization temperature for these crystals was determined by a set of incremental re-heating experiments to be ∼1240–1260° C. The inclusions are primitive, high Ca-Al basaltic melts, saturated with plagioclase, olivine and Al-rich chromite at low pressure. The inclusion analyses can be linked to the host lava composition by low pressure fractionation. The major element composition of the re-homogenized melt inclusions within each crystal is relatively constant. However, the incompatible element analyses have extremely wide ranges. The range of La/Sm and Ti/Zr from inclusions analyzed from a single sample from the Gorda Ridge exceeds the range reported for lavas sampled from the entire ridge. The pyroxene compositions predicted to be in equilibrium with the melt inclusion trace element signature cover much of the range represented by pyroxenes from abyssal peridotites. The volumetric proportions of the magmas entering the base of the crust can be evaluated using frequency distribution of melt inclusion compositions. This distribution suggests that the array of magmas was skewed towards the more depleted compositions, with little evidence for an enriched component in this system. This pattern is more consistent with a dynamic flow model of the mantle or of a passive flow model where the melts produced in the peripheral areas of the melting regime were not focused to the ridge. Received: 5 January 1995 / Accepted: 13 June 1995  相似文献   

Using the pseudospectral technique on curved grids for 2D acoustic forward modelling1     

Per Nielsen  Flemming If  Per Berg  Ove Skovgaard 《Geophysical Prospecting》1994,42(4):321-341

The Fourier pseudospectral method has been widely accepted for seismic forward modelling because of its high accuracy compared to other numerical techniques. Conventionally, the modelling is performed on Cartesian grids. This means that curved interfaces are represented in a ‘staircase fashion‘causing spurious diffractions. It is the aim of this work to eliminate these non-physical diffractions by using curved grids that generally follow the interfaces. A further advantage of using curved grids is that the local grid density can be adjusted according to the velocity of the individual layers, i.e. the overall grid density is not restricted by the lowest velocity in the subsurface. This means that considerable savings in computer storage can be obtained and thus larger computational models can be handled. One of the major problems in using the curved grid approach has been the generation of a suitable grid that fits all the interfaces. However, as a new approach, we adopt techniques originally developed for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. This allows us to put the curved grid technique into a general framework, enabling the grid to follow all interfaces. In principle, a separate grid is generated for each geological layer, patching the grid lines across the interfaces to obtain a globally continuous grid (the so-called multiblock strategy). The curved grid is taken to constitute a generalised curvilinear coordinate system, where each grid line corresponds to a constant value of one of the curvilinear coordinates. That means that the forward modelling equations have to be written in curvilinear coordinates, resulting in additional terms in the equations. However, the subsurface geometry is much simpler in the curvilinear space. The advantages of the curved grid technique are demonstrated for the 2D acoustic wave equation. This includes a verification of the method against an analytic reference solution for wedge diffraction and a comparison with the pseudospectral method on Cartesian grids. The results demonstrate that high accuracies are obtained with few grid points and without extra computational costs as compared with Cartesian methods.  相似文献   

LAND-USE CONTROL: AN IMPORTANT PIECE OF THE GROUND-WATER PROTECTION PUZZLE     

Harry E. LeGrand  Donald K. Keech  Steve Ragone  Jay H. Lehr  David M. Nielsen 《Ground water》1983,21(1):2-3

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Pyroxene-melt equilibria     

Roger L. Nielsen  Michael J. Drake 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(8):1259-1272

Using a literature survey of analyses of high-Ca pyroxene and co-existing silicate melt pairs and analyses of low-Ca pyroxene-silicate melt pairs, we have performed a thermodynamic analysis of pyroxene-melt equilibria. Three sets of mixing model pairs have been considered, based on two mixing models for liquid silicate solutions and two for pyroxene solid solutions. A modified version of a model developed by Bottinga and Weill (1972) for the mixing properties of silicate melts, in which the melt is considered to be composed of independent network-forming and network-modifying quasi-lattices, more successfully accounts for variations in melt composition than does a model which considers the melt to be composed of simple oxides which mix ideally. An empirical model for the mixing properties of pyroxenes, in which the M1 and M2 sites are considered to be equivalent and are combined as a hypothetical ‘M’ site, is as successful in accounting for variations in pyroxene composition at high temperatures as an ideal multisite mixing model.Using a variety of pyroxene-melt relations, and combinations of the mixing models outlined above, we have developed several pyroxene-melt and low-Ca pyroxene-high-Ca pyroxene geothermometers which have internally-consistent precisions of approximately ±20°C (1σ). One of the two-pyroxene geothermometers has been used to calculate ‘quench’ temperatures for a number of eucrites. Computed temperatures are subsolidus, and are consistent with independent geothermometers and with petrographic observations. The equations may also be used to calculate the composition of pyroxene crystallizing from a silicate melt of known composition, with or without independent knowledge of temperature. Internally consistent precisions vary, but are approximately ± 3 mol% Fs, ± 5 mol% En, and ±4 mol% Wo (all 1σ). These equations may have application in modeling the evolution of mineral compositions during differentiation of basaltic magmas, particularly terrestrial layered intrusions and the lunar magma ocean.  相似文献   

Zur Lagerstättengenetischen Deutung der Isotopenverhältnisse am Blei und Schwefel     

Heimo Nielsen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1960,49(1):289-308

Zusammenfassung Es werden einige der Voraussetzungen untersucht, unter denen sich aus den Isotopenverhältnissen von Blei, Schwefel und anderen am Aufbau einer Lagerstätte beteiligten Elementen Aussagen über die Bildungsbedingungen und genetischen Zusammenhänge herleiten lassen.Am Blei interessiert in diesem Zusammenhang in erster Linie die Anomalie gegenüber demHolmes-Houtermanschen Bleimodell, während das Absolutalter nur zur Kontrolle bzw. zum Einhängen in das geologische Zeitschema benötigt wird. Auf die Entstehungsursachen der Anomalien wird im Abschnitt B eingegangen.Bei den leichteren Elementen — wie z. B. H, C, O und S — treten im Verlaufe geochemischer Prozesse Isotopen-Trenn-Effekte auf, und man kann daher aus den Isotopenverhältnissen bspw. auf eine voraufgegangene Teilnahme am exogenen Kreislauf schließen. Derartige Messungen sollen möglichst vollständig in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden und wurden im vorliegenden Programm bereits für den Schwefel des Bleiglanzes (PbS) durchgeführt (Abschnitt C).Im Abschnitt D wird kurz auf die Meßtechnik eingegangen, und Abschnitt E gibt einen Überblick auf die Meßergebnisse an Lagerstätten des Westharzes (Oberharz, St. Andreasberg, Rammelsberg). Die Auswertung der Blei-Messungen (Abschnitt F) und Schwefel-Messungen (Abschnitt G) bringt für das gewählte Modell-Arbeitsgebiet interessante Ergänzungen der bekannten genetischen Zusammenhänge, so daß die Übertragung der Untersuchungstechnik auf andere Lagerstättengebiete nützlich erscheint.Die Messungen wurden größtenteils im Massenspektrometer-Laboratorium der Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung, Hannover, durchgeführt. Das Probenmaterial stammt aus eigenen Aufsammlungen sowie aus den Sammlungen der Herren Berging. E.Bock, St. Andreasberg, Dr. E.Kraume, Goslar, und Prof. Dr. H.Rose, Hamburg. Außerdem wurden die ersten Teilergebnisse eines gemeinsam mit Herrn Dr.-Ing. H.Hüttenhain, Clausthal, begonnenen Untersuchungsprogramms verwertet.Ich möchte an dieser Stelle allen im Text genannten Herren für die Überlassung von Untersuchungsmaterial und für fruchtbare Anregungen danken, vor allen Dingen aber auch meinem bisherigen Kollegen, Herrn Dipl.-Phys. H.Lenz, sowie den Damen M.Fassbender, U.Rätsch und U.Römer für die Durchführung der zahlreichen Analysen und Auswertungen.  相似文献   

Schwefelisotope im marinen Kreislauf und das δ34 S der früheren Meere     

Dr. Heimo Nielsen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1966,55(1):160-172

Zusammenfassung Durch Isotopenfraktionierung bei der bakteriellen Reduktion marinen Sulfats enthalten die Sedimente im Mittel einen Überschuß an³²S (³⁴S s – 5), während³²S im marinen Sulfat angereichert ist. Der ³⁴S-Wert im heutigen Meerwasser beträgt etwa + 20 . Evaporit-³⁴S-Messungen zeigen, daß dieser Wert im Cambrium, Silur und Devon höher war, bis zum Perm dann auf etwa + 11 abnahm und anschließend wieder zum heutigen Wert anstieg.Der hohe ⁴³S-Wert in der geologischen Frühzeit wird mit extremer Anreicherung biogener Sulfide in den Schwarzschiefern erklärt, der Abfall zum Perm mit Rückführung großer Mengen von Sediment-Schwefel im Laufe der caledonischen und varistischen Orogenesen und der Wiederanstieg im Erdmittelalter mit erneuter Anhäufung toniger Sedimente.Aufgrund modellmäßiger Abschätzungen und der Gesamtheit aller verfügbaren Meßwerte (etwa 800) wird versucht, die Entwicklungslinie des Meerwasser-³⁴S-Wertes zeichnerisch darzustellen.Hinweis auf praktische Bedeutung: Informationen über Stoffbilanz geologischer Vorgänge, Interpretation von ³⁴S-Meßwerten an normalen Gesteinen und Erzen, Zuordnung von Proben unbekannten Alters.

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Summary Due to an isotope fractionation involved in the bacterial reduction of marine sulfate the sediments as a whole contain an excess of³²S (³⁴S – 5), while marine sulfate is enriched in³⁴S. Recent seawater has ³⁴S + 20. Evaporite measurements indicate a still higher value in Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian time. Then the ³⁴S decreased to about + 11 in the Upper Permian and later on increased once more to the modern value.The accumulation of abnormally large quantities of biogenic sulfides in the slates of that era accounts for the high ³⁴S value in the early Palaeozoic. A considerable fraction of light sulfur has been brought back to the oceans by weathering solutions of the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies, and in Mesozoic times another accumulation of slates has taken place.From a synopsis of the data available (some 800) and from model estimations an attempt has been made to construct the marine sulfur gd³⁴S evolution curve. Some practical consequences are lined out: informations on material balance of geological processes, interpretation of ³⁴S-data of normal rocks and ores, sample dating in the case of doubtful age.

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Résumé Un fractionnement isotopique pendant la réduction bactérienne du sulfate marin a pour conséquence un excédent de³²S dans la masse totale des sédiments (³⁴S – 5) et un enrichissement de³⁴S dans le sulfate marin. Dans les océans actuels le ³⁴S est + 20 ; nous pouvons conclure des ³⁴S des échantillons de sulfates d'évaporites, qu'aux temps cambrien, silurien et dévonien cette valeur fut plus élevée. Puis elle a diminué jusqu'à + 11 au Permien supérieur pour remonter ensuite à la valeur actuelle.La valeur élevée de ³⁴S au Paléozoïque inférieur doit être expliquée par une accumulation extraordinaire de sulfures biogènes dans les ardoises noires de cette époque. La décomposition d'une fraction considérable de ces roches pendant les orogenèses calédonienne et varisque entraînait à l'océan du soufre léger. Au Mésozoïque une autre accumulation d'ardoises commençait. Par l'examen de toutes valeurs disponibles (environ 800) et par certaines estimations on a tenté de tracer la courbe de l'évolution de la valeur du ³⁴S marin.Quelques conséquences pratiques sont indiquées: informations sur le bilan matériel des procès sus-géologiques, interprétation des ³⁴S de roches et minerais normaux, datation d'échantillons d'âge problématique.

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. S³⁴ , , ( 2%); 1,1%. .

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The Triassic Santa Juana Formation at the lower Biobío River, south central Chile     

Sven N. Nielsen 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2005,19(4):89

A sequence of Triassic rocks is exposed near the town of Concepción, Chile. These clastic strata are interpreted as the deposits of rivers, lakes, playas, and alluvial fans. The deposits comprise conglomerates, arkosic sandstones, and sand-, silt- and mudstones. Four facies associations comprising eight sedimentary facies can be distinguished. Plant fossils from the sedimentary sequence of the Santa Juana Formation indicate a Carnian age. The flora includes ferns (Gleichenites, Cladophlebis, Dictyophyllum, Thaumatopteris, Asterotheca, Saportaea) and seed ferns (Kurtziana, Antevsia, Dicroidium), ginkgophytes (Sphenobaiera), cycads (Pseudoctenis), conifers (Heidiphyllum, Telemachus, Rissikia), and gymnosperms of uncertain affinities (Linguifolium, Gontriglossa). Two new species are presented: Pseudoctenis santajuanensis and Gontriglossa reinerae.  相似文献