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151.
Sea‐level rise has been related to global warming. The modern system on the northern coast of Anholt, Denmark, may well be analogous to other beach ridge systems formed in microtidal regimes and our results should have impact on estimation of past sea‐level variation. Ground‐penetrating radar data collected across the modern (<30 years old) berm, beach ridge and swale deposits resolve downlapping reflections interpreted to mark sea level at the time of deposition. Existing time series of sea‐level data constrain actual sea‐level variation. Nineteen readings of sea‐level markers made along our profile fluctuate within ?0.42 and 0.57 m above present mean sea level, consistent with 95% of the sea‐level data. These fluctuations reflect tidal effects and meteorological conditions. Main data uncertainties are well‐known and the sea‐level markers may be identified with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献
152.
Hanne Dalsgaard Nielsen 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(5):710-717
The relationship between light acclimation and Cu2+ tolerance was studied in two populations of Fucus serratus known to be naturally non-tolerant and tolerant to Cu2+. Acclimation to high irradiances increased the photosynthetic tolerance to Cu2+. The xanthophyll cycle was apparently not involved in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against Cu2+ toxicity, as results showed that Cu2+ did not induce dynamic photoinhibition. The higher photosynthetic Cu2+ resistance of high light algae did not result in increased growth. The excess energy acquired by high light-adapted algae appeared to be utilized in Cu2+ defense mechanisms in the Cu2+ non-tolerant population. The polyphenol content of the algae was reciprocal to the CuT content, suggesting that polyphenol may be the primary Cu2+ defense of non-tolerant low light algae, acting through secretion and extracellular chelating of Cu2+, while the compounds do not seem to be involved in the primary Cu2+ tolerance mechanism in Cu2+ tolerant algae. 相似文献
153.
John Davis Jakeman Ole M. Nielsen Kristy Van Putten Richard Mleczko David Burbidge Nick Horspool 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(5):1115-1138
This paper presents a framework and data for spatially distributed assessment of tsunami inundation models. Our associated
validation test is based upon the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affords a uniquely large amount of observational data for
events of this kind. Specifically, we use eyewitness accounts to assess onshore flow depths and speeds as well as a detailed
inundation survey of Patong City, Thailand to compare modelled and observed inundation. Model predictions matched well the
detailed inundation survey as well as altimetry data from the JASON satellite, eyewitness accounts of wave front arrival times
and onshore flow speeds. Important buildings and other structures were incorporated into the underlying elevation model and
are shown to have a large influence on inundation extent. 相似文献
154.
155.
Rachel Sours-Page Kevin T. M. Johnson Roger L. Nielsen Jill L. Karsten 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,134(4):342-363
The development of petrogenetic models of igneous processes in the mantle is dependent on a detailed knowledge of the diversity
of magmas produced in the melting regime. These primary magmas, however, undergo significant mixing and fractionation during
transport to the surface, destroying much of the evidence of their primary diversity. To circumvent this problem and to determine
the diversity of melts produced in the mantle, we used melt inclusions hosted in primitive plagioclase phenocrysts from eight
mid-ocean ridge basalts from the axial and West Valleys of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. This area was selected
for study because of the demonstrated close association of enriched (E-MORB) lavas and incompatible element enriched depleted
(N-MORB) lavas. Rehomogenized melt inclusions from E-MORB, T-MORB, and N-MORB lavas have been analyzed by electron and ion
microprobe for major and trace elements. The depleted and enriched lavas, as well as their melt inclusions, have very similar
compatible element concentrations (major elements, Sr, Ni and Cr). Inclusion compositions are more primitive than, yet collinear
with, the host lava suites. In contrast, the minor and trace element characteristics of melt inclusions from depleted and
enriched lavas are different both in range and absolute concentration. N-MORB lavas contain both depleted and enriched melt
inclusions, and therefore exhibit the largest compositional range (K2O: 0.01 to 0.4 oxide wt%, P2O5: <0.01 to 0.2 oxide wt%, LaN: 7 to 35, YbN: 1 to 13, and Ti/Zr: <100 to 1300). E-MORB lavas contain only enriched inclusions, and are therefore relatively homogeneous
(K2O: 0.32 to 0.9 oxide wt %, P2O5: 0.02 to 0.35 oxide wt%, LaN: 11 to 60, YbN: 4 to 21, and Ti/Zr: ∼100). In addition, the most primitive E-32 inclusions are similar in composition to the most enriched
inclusions from the depleted hosts. Major element data for melt inclusions from both N-MORB and E-MORB lavas suggest that
the magmas lie on a low pressure cotectic, consistent with a petrogenesis including fractional crystallization. However, the
minor and trace element compositions in melt inclusions vary independently of the major element composition implying an alternative
history. When fractionation-corrected, inclusion compositions correlate with their host glass composition. Hence, the degree
of enrichment of the lavas is a function of the composition of aggregated melts, not of processing in the upper mantle or
lower crust. Based on this fact, the lava suites are not produced from a single parent magma, but from a suite of primary
magmas. The chemistry of the melt inclusions from the enriched lavas is consistent with a derivation from variable percentages
of partial melting within the spinel stability field by a process of open system (continuous or critical) melting assuming
a depleted lherzolite source veined with clinopyroxenite. The low percentage melts are dominantly enriched melts of the clinopyroxenite.
In contrast, the depleted lavas were created by melting of a harzburgite source, possibly fluxed with a fluid enriched in
K, Ba and the LREE. Such a source was likely melted up to or past the point at which all of its clinopyroxene was consumed.
This set of characteristics is consistent with a scenario by which diverse melts produced at different depths travel through
the melting regime to the base of the crust without homogenizing en route. The homogeneous major element characteristics are created in the lower crust by fractional crystallization
and reaction with lower crustal gabbros. Therefore, the degree of decoupling between major and trace element characteristics
of the melt inclusions (and lavas) is dictated by the reaction rate of the melts with the materials in the conduit walls,
as well as the residence times and flux rate, in the upper mantle and lower crust.
Received: 2 December 1997 / Accepted: 27 August 1998 相似文献
156.
The Vakkejokk Breccia: An Early Cambrian proximal impact ejecta layer in the North‐Swedish Caledonides 下载免费PDF全文
The ≤27 m thick Vakkejokk Breccia is intercalated in autochthon Lower Cambrian along the Caledonian front north of Lake Torneträsk, Lapland, Sweden. The spectacular breccia is here interpreted as a proximal ejecta layer associated with an impact crater, probably ~2–3 km in size, located below Caledonian overthrusts immediately north of the main breccia section. The impact would have taken place in a shallow‐marine environment ~520 Ma ago. The breccia comprises i) a strongly disturbed lower polymict subunit with occasional, in themselves brecciated, crystalline mega‐clasts locally exceeding 50 m surrounded by contorted sediments; ii) a middle, commonly normally graded, crystalline‐rich, polymict subunit, in turn locally overlain by iii) a thin fine‐grained quartz sandstone, <30 cm thick. The upper sandstone is sporadically either overlain, or replaced, by a conglomerate. In progressively more distal parts of the ejecta layer, the lower subunit is better described as only slightly disturbed strata. The lower subunit is suggested to have formed by ejecta bombardment of the strata surrounding the impact crater, even causing some net outwards mobilization of the sediments. The middle subunit and the uppermost quartz sandstone are considered resurge deposits. The top conglomerate may be caused by subsequent wave reworking and slumping of material from the elevated rim. Quartz grains showing planar deformation features are present in the graded polymict subunit and the upper sandstone, that is, the inferred resurge deposits. 相似文献
157.
Recent developments in extreme values modelling have been used to develop a framework for determining the coastal erosion hazard on sandy coastlines. This framework quantitatively reproduced the extreme beach erosion volumes obtained from field measurements at Narrabeen Beach, Australia. This encouraging finding was achieved using Kriebel and Dean's [Kriebel, D.L. and Dean, R.G., 1993. Convolution method for time-dependent beach profile response. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 119(2): 204–226.] simple beach erosion and accretion model. The method includes allowances for joint probability between all basic erosion variates including; wave height, period and direction, event duration, tidal anomalies and event spacing. A new formulation for the dependency between wave height and period has been developed. It includes the physical wave steepness limitation. Event grouping, where significantly more erosion can occur from two closely spaced storms is handled by temporally simulating the synthetic wave climate and the resulting beach erosion and accretion. 相似文献
158.
Three‐dimensional modelling of differential railway track settlement using a cycle domain constitutive model 下载免费PDF全文
A method for simulation of differential (spatially varying) track settlement in a ballasted railway track is presented. It employs a cycle domain constitutive model to determine accumulated plastic (permanent) deformation of the granular layers supporting the track. The constitutive model is adopted for both the ballast and the sub‐ballast but with different parameter sets. The proposed framework can be used to predict differential track settlement accounting for heterogeneous (space‐variant) track characteristics and loading conditions. Here, it is demonstrated for three‐dimensional continuum modelling of a railway crossing panel subjected to a large number of axle passages. Because of the design of the crossing panel and the transient character of the impact loads on the crossing, the load transferred into the track bed is not uniform along the track, and the resulting differential settlement leads to vertical irregularities in track geometry. The spatial variation of track settlement is calculated both along the sleepers and along the rails. The influences of the number of adjacent sleepers accounted for in the model and the stiffness of the subgrade on the predicted settlement at the crossing are studied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
159.
Ilya V. Veksler Yana M. Fedorchuk Troels F. D. Nielsen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,131(4):347-363
The evolution of nephelinitic melts in equilibrium with mica-bearing liquidus assemblages and melting relations have been
studied on two silica-undersaturated joins of the KAlSiO4– Mg2SiO4– Ca2SiO4– SiO2– F system at atmospheric pressure by quench runs in sealed platinum capsules. Fluorine has been added to the batch compositions
by the direct exchange of fluorine for oxygen (2F− = O2−). The first join is the pseudo-ternary Forsterite – Diopside – KAlSiO3F2 system. Forsterite, diopside, F-phlogopite and leucite crystallisation fields and a fluoride-silicate liquid immiscibility
solvus are present on the liquidus surface of the join. Sub-liquidus and sub-solidus phases include akermanite, cuspidine,
spinel, fluorite and some other minor fluorine phases. The second system is the pseudo-binary Akermanite – F-phlogopite join
that intersects the Forsterite – Diopside – KAlSiO3F2 join. Akermanite, forsterite, diopside, F-phlogopite, leucite and cuspidine are found to crystallise on the join. Forsterite
(fo) and leucite (lc) are related to F-phlogopite (phl) by a reaction with the fluorine-bearing liquid: fo + lc + l = phl,
and the reaction proceeds until forsterite or leucite are completely consumed. The reaction temperature and resulting phase
association depend on batch composition. Thus, leucite is not stable in the sub-solidus of the Akermanite – F-phlogopite join,
but is preserved in a part of the Forsterite – Diopside – KAlSiO3F2 system where forsterite reacts out, or does not crystallise at all. The phlogopite-in reaction has an important effect on
the composition of the coexisting liquid. The liquids initially saturated in forsterite evolve to extremely Ca rich, larnite-normative
residuals. The experimental data show that larnite-normative melilitolites can crystallise from evolved melilititic melts
generated from “normal” melanephelinitic parental magmas with no normative larnite. The evolution towards melilitites requires fractionation of phlogopite-bearing assemblages under volatile pressure.
Received: 3 June 1997 / Accepted: 5 January 1998 相似文献
160.
Anette Reenberg Trine Louring Nielsen Kjeld Rasmussen 《Global Environmental Change》1998,8(4):309-327
The paper addresses the dynamic relationship between the human use of land and alterations in the biophysical environment, demographic pressure or socio-economic conditions. An empirical study from the Sahelian zone in northern Burkina Faso illustrates the dynamics of cultivation pattern at the village level and the changing priorities given to different landscape units over time. Field measurements, aerial photos and satellite images from seven successive years provide information on land use pattern changes from 1945 to 1995. A household survey illustrates how socio-economic and cultural parameters enable and constrain land use strategies at the farm level. 相似文献