The spatiality of multifunctional agriculture: A human geography perspective   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Geoff A. Wilson 《Geoforum》2009,40(2):269-280

Based on reconceptualisations of multifunctional agriculture as a normative spectrum of decision-making (strong to weak multifunctionality) bounded by productivist and non-productivist action and thought [Hollander, G.M., 2004. Agricultural trade liberalization, multifunctionality, and sugar in the south Florida landscape. Geoforum 35, 299-312; Holmes, J., 2006. Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: gaps in the research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies 22, 142-160; Wilson, G.A., 2007. Multifunctional Agriculture: A Transition Theory Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford], this paper argues that there is currently insufficient research into the geography of multifunctionality. Building on current human geography debates about issues of scale, the paper suggests that we should conceive of multifunctionality as a spatially complex nested hierarchy comprising different interlinked ’layers’ of multifunctional decision-making ranging from the farm level to the national and global levels. It suggests that the notion of multifunctional agriculture only makes sense if it is applied at the farm level as the most important spatial scale for the implementation of multifunctional action ‘on the ground’. Multifunctionality can be interpreted as having ’direct’ expression only at the ’lower’ geographical scales (i.e. farm, community and regional levels in particular) while the regional, national and global levels show ’indirect’ expressions of multifunctionality that are mediated by local level actors in order to find tangible expression on the ground. The notion of global-level multifunctionality is the most challenging, as this level lacks political and ideological coherence about the required directions necessary for implementation of strong multifunctionality pathways. The paper concludes by arguing that much work still awaits those investigating the spatiality of multifunctionality, in particular with regard to the question whether global-level strong multifunctionality is possible, or whether strong multifunctionality in one territory is predicated on weak multifunctionality in others.  相似文献   

Description of the University of Auckland global Mars mesoscale meteorological model     

David R. Wing  Geoff L. Austin 《Icarus》2006,185(2):370-382

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Evidence of diverse depletion and metasomatic events in harzburgite–lherzolite mantle xenoliths from the Iberian plate (Olot, NE Spain): Implications for lithosphere accretionary processes     

Gianluca Bianchini  Luigi Beccaluva  Costanza Bonadiman  Geoff Nowell  Graham Pearson  Franca Siena  Marjorie Wilson 《Lithos》2007,94(1-4):25-45

Mantle xenoliths from the Olot volcanic district (NE Spain) comprise a bi-modal suite consisting of protogranular spinel lherzolites (cpx 12–14%) sometimes with pargasitic amphibole, and highly refractory spinel harzburgites (cpx ≤ 1%) with coarse-grained granular textures. The lherzolites range from slightly depleted to moderately LREE-enriched with flat HREE patterns between 1.5 and 2.7 × chondrite (Ch). In contrast, the harzburgites are extremely depleted in HREE (down to 0.2 × Ch) and strongly LREE-enriched (La_N/Yb_N = 12.3–17.2). LA-ICP-MS analyses of clinopyroxene and amphibole of the lherzolites highlight variable degrees of LREE depletion (HREE up to 13 × Ch, La_N/Yb_N down to 0.01), with the exception of a single sample in which both clinopyroxene and amphibole are LREE-enriched (La_N/Yb_N up to 19). In the harzburgites, clinopyroxenes display totally different REE distributions, characterized by extreme HREE depletion (down to 0.4 × Ch) and upward convex positively fractionated middle-light REE patterns (Nd_N/Yb_N up to 20.7 × Ch; La_N/Yb_N up to 12 × Ch). Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data for both whole-rocks and cpx separates, coherently indicate depleted mantle (DM) compositions for the lherzolites (εSr = − 15 to − 26, εNd = + 9 to + 17, εHf = + 18 to + 68) and enriched mantle (EM) compositions for the harzburgites (εSr = − 10 to + 36, εNd = − 1 to − 6, εHf = + 3 to + 8). Modelling of the clinopyroxene REE data and isotopic systematics suggest that some lherzolites were affected by pre-Paleozoic (0.6–1 By) low-degree partial melting processes, while others probably reflect some extent of refertilization of the mantle protolith by metasomatizing melts similar to the Triassic rift-related tholeiites reported from several Pyrenean localities. The harzburgites represent extreme refractory residua, resulting from a complex depletion history due to multistage melt extraction as often observed in the cratonic mantle. The distinctive REE patterns and isotopic systematics of their clinopyroxenes suggest that the harzburgites were formed by the interaction of an ultra-depleted peridotite matrix with highly alkaline basic melts similar in composition to the Permo-Triassic alkaline lamprophyres which are widespread within the Iberian plate. Lherzolites possibly represent younger lithosphere (accreted asthenosphere?) up-lifted and juxtaposed to the older subcontinental lithospheric mantle (harzburgites) during the post-Variscan rifting of the Iberian margin. These two genetically different, but adjoining, mantle domains intimately mingled along the northern Iberian margin during the subsequent plate convergence processes, leading to the close association of harzburgites and lherzolites observed in the Olot mantle xenoliths and in some Pyrenean peridotite massifs.  相似文献   

Multi-method groundwater recharge estimation at Eshito micro-watershed,Rift Valley Basin in Ethiopia     

Mintamer Ferede  Alemseged Tamiru Haile  David Walker  John Gowing  Geoff Parkin 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(9):1596-1605

ABSTRACT

Understanding recharge processes is fundamental to improve sustainable groundwater resource management. Shallow groundwater (SGW) is being developed for multiple purposes in Ethiopia without consideration of monitoring. We established a citizen science-based hydro-meteorological monitoring network, with a focus on SGW recharge estimation, in Eshito micro-watershed, Ethiopia. Citizen scientists collected rainfall, groundwater-level and stream water-level data. We characterized the shallow aquifer using pumping tests. The data were used to estimate SGW recharge using three methods: chloride mass balance, water-level fluctuation (WLF) and baseflow separation. Approximately 20% and 35% of annual rainfall amount contributes to recharge based on the chloride mass balance and WLF results, respectively. Baseflow separation showed recharge values for the watershed vary from 38% to 28% of annual rainfall at the upstream and downstream gauging stations, respectively. This study shows that the recharge in previously unmonitored micro-watersheds can be studied if citizens are involved in data generation.  相似文献   

The long and winding road: The development of a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of highly protected marine protected areas in Victoria, Australia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Geoff Wescott   《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(12):905-922

In 2002, the state of Victoria, Australia increased its “no-take” marine protected areas (MPAs) 100 fold to cover over 5% of its coastal waters in a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of marine national parks and sanctuaries. Given the ambitious targets set for MPA establishment globally in 2003 at the World Summit for Sustainable Development this apparently remarkable achievement could be an example to other nations and states attempting to establish substantial MPA systems.This paper describes and discusses the factors that contributed to the establishment of the Victorian system and the relevance of these factors to other jurisdictions.  相似文献   

Airborne Laser Sensing of Scottish Coastal Waters     

Grigorii Kokhanenko  Geoff Ludbrook  Ivan Penner  Vitalii Shamanaev 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(4):195-207

An Nd:YAG-based airborne lidar system has been used to measure the optical properties of littoral waters off the northwest Scottish coast. The small-scale structure of subsurface scattering layers was also investigated. Methods of solving the Lidar Sensing Equation in the single scattering approximation are described and the values of the derived extinction indices presented. The extinction index averaged over a series of five flights to the northeast of the Gulf Stream was ε= 0.224 m -1 with a standard deviation of 0.212 m -1 . Further, it was demonstrated that, in coastal waters, optical inhomogeneities with dimensions between 50 m and 200 km obey the power law Sp ε ~ k -P with the parameter P close to two. In turbid or transparent areas, the water extinction index can change by several tenths of a percent with respect to the surrounding water mass. This suggests that the observed nonmonotonic behavior of the power spectra of the water extinction index fluctuations is caused by the outer scale of turbulence, in particular, by the bottom depth at the measurement site.  相似文献   

The Arctic Ocean—the management of change in the northern seas     

Geoff Holland   《Ocean & Coastal Management》2002,45(11-12)

This paper covers some of the pressing problems of the Arctic Ocean, the existing structures and how cooperation in the region may develop. The region is surrounded by the lands of Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation and the United States of America, who together formed the Arctic Council in recognition of the fact that the issues facing the north exceed the capabilities and capacities of any one country and that successful solutions must be built on common actions. The expense and difficulty of operating in extreme conditions of the Arctic forced much of the significant arctic research into cooperative bilateral or multilateral projects, usually with a discrete research objective. Global organizations including the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Council for Science (ICSU), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) sponsor specific climate related programs in the Arctic. The warming trends in the Arctic provide the motivation for renewed attention on the Arctic, which is changing rapidly both environmentally and socially. The climate and pollution issues, both anthropogenic in origin, have created some priorities in governmental thinking and led to limited additional funding in recent years. Industry needs to be responsive and innovative in incorporating stringent control and monitoring into development projects and in contributing to research and environmental management. Collective efforts by all interested governments will be needed to address the scarcity of research and observations, extending from the oceans to the coastal areas and drainage basins of the hinterlands. Arctic countries must also pursue global arrangements to protect the Arctic from the impacts of pollution from outside areas. The work started by the Arctic Council needs to be bolstered by the establishment of a regional convention for the Arctic, which will confer more responsibility upon governments to continue with the programs.  相似文献   

Effects of Freeze–Thaw Phenomena on Controlled Nutrient Release: Application to Bioremediation          下载免费PDF全文

Benjamin L. Freidman  Sally L. Gras  Ian Snape  Geoff W. Stevens  Kathryn A. Mumford 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(12):1739-1749

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Desorption-diffusion model and lost gas quantity estimation of coalbed methane from coal core under drilling fluid medium   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Geoff WANG 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(4)

The differences of coalbed methane(CBM) desorption-diffusion from coal drilling-core under various drilling fluid medium are not considered in the present calculating methods of lost CBM quantity,which leads possibly to the inaccuracy of CBM quantity in coal seam.Here we took the desorption of CBM from coal core under drilling fluid medium as a pressure-swing process,and based on the Langmuir equation and Fick-first law,established the desorption-diffusion model and numerical modeling method of lost gas(inc...  相似文献   

The Use of the Word 'Pakihi' on the South Island West Coast in the Nineteenth Century     

Geoff Mew  Mike Johnston 《New Zealand geographer》1988,44(1):22-24

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