High-redshift galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field— II. Colours and number counts     

Lucia Pozzetti  Piero Madau  Gianni Zamorani  Henry C. Ferguson  & Gustavo Bruzual A. 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(4):1133-1144

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Kaledonische,herzynische und alpidische Ereignisse im Mittelostalpin nördlich der westlichen Hohen Tauern,abgeleitet aus petrographischen und geochronologischen Untersuchungen     

Dr. Muharrem Satir  Prof. Dr. Giulio Morteani 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(1):1-40

Zusammenfassung Die Schwazer Augengneise (Kellerjoch-Gneise) und die Steinkogelschiefer wurden petrographisch und geochronologisch untersucht. Die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise zeigen eine prograde Metamorphose der Amphibolitfazies. Sie liegen auf den schwächer metamorphen Innsbrucker Quarzphylliten und unter den ebenfalls schwächer metamorphen Gesteinen der Grauwackenzone, nördlich der westlichen Hohen Tauern (Tirol, Salzburg, Österreich). Aufgrund des kombinierten Compston-Jeffery- und Nicolaysen-Diagramms ist das Sedimentationsalter des Eduktes der Steinkogelschiefer 540 Mio. Jahre. Das Alter der Platznahme des Eduktes der Schwazer Augengneise ist wahrscheinlich 425 Mio. Jahre. Eine kaledonische Metamorphose ist nicht nachweisbar.Die herzynische Metamorphose verursachte sowohl in den Schwazer Augengneisen als auch in den Steinkogelschiefern eine vollständige Sr-Homogenisierung im Gesamtgestein. Die Rb-Sr-Isochrone der Schwazer Augengneise ergibt ein Alter von 322±24 Mio. Jahren bei einem Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-Isotopenverhältnis von 0.7180±0.0024. Die Rb-Sr-Isochrone der Steinkogelschiefer definiert ein Alter von 347±30 Mio. Jahren, bei einem Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-Verhältnis von 0.7150±0.0021. Die herzynischen Phengite aus den Schwazer Augengneisen ergeben mit der Rb-Sr-Methode ein Abkühlungsalter von 273 bzw. 260 Mio. Jahren. Die K-Ar-Phengit- und Muscovitalter sind Mischalter, welche zwischen dem Alter der herzynischen und dem der frühalpinen Metamorphose liegen. Das frühalpine Ereignis wird durch Rb-Sr-Biotitalter um 90 Mio. Jahre erfaßt. Dieses Alter entspricht dem Zeitpunkt der Abkühlung der Gesteine unter 300 °C vor dem frühalpinen Deckenschub.Die K-Ar-Alter der Biotite sind geologisch nicht interpretierbar, da sie Ar-Überschuß zeigen.Die Überlagerung der Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite durch die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise ist wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis eines herzynischen Deckenbaus. Die Steinkogelschiefer und die Schwazer Augengneise könnten daher nicht zur mittelostalpinen Deckeneinheit gehören, sondern tektonisch gesehen, Teil des unterlagernden unterostalpinen Innsbrucker Quarzphyllites sein.

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Petrology and geochronology of the Schwazer Augengneis (Kellerjochgneis) and of the Steinkogelschiefer north of the western Tauern Window have been investigated. The Steinkogelschiefer are garnet-mica schists, the Schwazer Augengneis is an orthoaugengneiss. Both rock units show a prograde metamorphism of the amphibolite facies and are interbedded between the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite and the Grauwackenzone. The Innsbrucker Quarzphyllite and the rocks of the Grauwackenzone clearly show in respect to the Schwazer Augengneis and the rocks of the Steinkogelschiefer unit a lower metamorphic grade of the greenschist facies. From combined Compston-Jeffery- and Nicolaysen-diagrams the age of the sediments from which the mica schists of the Steinkogelschiefer unit derives is 540 m. y. The age of the intrusion of the magma from which the Schwazer orthoaugengneis later originated is probably 425 m. y. A Caledonian metamorphism could not be demonstrated by radiometry. In the Schwazer Augengneis as well as in the paragneisses of the Steinkogelschiefer unit a complete Sr-homogenisation was produced by the hercynian metamorphism. An age of 322±24 m. y. and a Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-ratio of 0.7180±0.0024 result from a Rb-Sr-Isochrone of the Schwazer Augengneis. The RbSr-Isochrone of the Steinkogelschiefer defines an age of 347±30 m. y. and a Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶-ratio of 0.7150±0.0021. From the Rb-Sr-method a cooling age of 273 and 260 m. y. is established for the phengites from the Schwazer Augengneis.K-Ar-ages of the muscovites and of the phengites are mixed ages between the hercynian and that of the eoalpine metamorphism. The eoalpine metamorphism is dated by the Rb-Sr-age of the biotites (90 m. y.). This age corresponds to the cooling of the rocks below a temperature of 300 °C before the eoalpine nappe transport.K-Ar-ages of the biotites show excess argon and are therefore from a geological point of view meaningless. From petrological and geochronological data it cannot be demonstrated that the tectonic position of the Schwazer Augengneis and of the Steinkogelschiefer unit on the top of the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit and under the Grauwackenzone is due to the alpine nappe transport.From a tectonic point of view, the Steinkogelschiefer and the Schwazer Augengneis therefore probably belongs to the middle austroalpine unit of the Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit.

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Résumé Les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz (Kellerjochgneise) et les schistes de Steinkogel ont été étudiés par voie pétrographique et géochronologique.Tous deux montrent une métamorphose progradée du facies amphibolite. Ils reposent sur la série moins métamorphique des »Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit« et sous la Zone des grauwackes, également peu métamorphiques, au nord des »Hohe Tauern« occidentales Tyrol, Salzbourg, Autriche).Selon le diagramme combiné Compston-Jeffery et Nicolaysen l'âge de la sédimentation des schistes de Steinkogel est de 540 Mio. ans. L'âge de la sédimentation des gneiss oeillés de Schwaz est probablement 425 Mio. ans. Un métamorphisme calédonien ne peut être démontré.Le métamorphisme hercynien a causé — tant dans les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz que dans les schistes de Steinkogel — une homogénisation complète du Sic. L'isochrone RB/Sr des gneiss oeillés de Schwaz indique une âge de 322±24 Mio. ans et un rapport Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ de 0.7180±0.0024.L'isochrone Rb/Sr des schistes de Steinkogel indique un âge de 347±30 Mio. et un rapport Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ de 0.7150±0.0021. Les phengites hercyniennes dans les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz indiquent, selon la méthode Rb/Sr, un âge de refroidissement de 273 et 260 Mio. ans. Les âges K/Ar de la phengite et la muscovite sont des âges mixtes compris entre celui du métamorphisme hercynien et celui du métamorphisme évalpin.L'éveénement éoalpin est évalué à 90 Mio. ans (Rb/Sr-biotite). Cet âge correspond au moment du refroidissement des roches en-dessous de 300 °C avant al poussée des premières nappes alpines.Les âges K-Ar des biotites ne peuvent pas être interpretés géologiquement étant donné pu'ils montrent un excès d'Ar.Le recouvrement de l'»Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit« par les schistes de Steinkogel et les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz est probablement le résultat d'une tectonique hercynienne. Il en résulte que les schistes de Steinkogel et les gneiss oeillés de Schwaz ne pourraient pas faire partie de l'ensemble de la nappe austroalpine moyenne, mais vus tectoniquement, être une partie de la nappe austroalpine inférieure sous-jacente de l'»Innsbrucker Quarzphyllit«.

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(Kellerjoch-Gneise) Steinkogel. . - — , (, , ). Comston-Jeffery Nicolaysen'a , SteinKogel'a, 540 . , , , , 425 . . . - 322±24 Sr⁸⁷/Sr^8b 0,7180±0,0024. Steinkogel'a 347±30 0,7150± 0,0021. - 273–260 . , -, - . , -, - 90 . 300° , - . , . . . - Steinkogel'a , , . - , , , -- .

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Phase relations in the partial melting of the Baldissero spinel-lherzolite (Ivrea-Verbano zone,Western Alps,Italy)     

Silvano Sinigoi  Piero Comin-Chiaramonti  Antonio A. Alberti 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,75(2):111-121

The occurrence of various types of mobilizates in the Baldissero spinel lherzolite is due to partial melting of the same body. The study of the relationships between the peridotite and its mobilizates demonstrates that olivine did not take an active part in the fusion. Estimates of the degree of partial melting vary from 10% for the average composition, to 20% for the most depleted samples. These values refer to an initial pyrolitic composition, and thus are relative, as they can vary depending on the actual primary composition.The calculated composition of the liquid generated by partial melting is quite similar to that of a picritic basalt, and is practically the same irrespective of the 10% and 20% fusion. This fact provides strong evidence that melting took place at a unique invariant point of the natural system, producing a liquid with a remarkably constant composition.Projection of the liquid in the fo-an-di-si diagram is fairly well aligned with the modal compositions of the solid residua, but does not coincide with the minimum of the simplified system. The proposed solution is based on the enlargement of the spinel field (at constant pressure), due to the Cr content in this phase. Therefore, the position of the invariant minimum is not fixed, but rather controlled by the Cr content of the spinel. Is is suggested that, by an increase in the Cr content, spinel might at a given moment become refractory. Thus, saturated or over-saturated magmas are produced depending on the phase relations between olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. This would happen in the case of very advanced fusions or in the case of fusion of already depleted peridotites.The relationships between mobilizates of different generations suggest a non adiabatic mantle upwelling.  相似文献   

A comparative analysis of three habitat suitability models for commercial yield estimation of Tapes philippinarum in a North Adriatic coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Italy)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vincenzi S  Caramori G  Rossi R  De Leo GA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,55(10-12):579-590

Habitat Suitability (HS) models have been extensively used by conservation planners to estimate the spatial distribution of threatened species and of species of commercial interest. In this work we compare three HS models for the estimation of commercial yield potential and the identification of suitable sites for Tapes philippinarum rearing in the Sacca di Goro lagoon (Italy) on the basis of six environmental factors. The habitat suitability index (HSI) is based on expert opinion while the habitat suitability conditional (HSC) is calibrated on observational data. The habitat suitability mixed (HSM) model is a two-part model combining expert knowledge and regression analysis: the first component of the model uses logistic regression to identify the areas in which clams are likely to be present; the second part applies the same parameter-specific suitability functions of the HSI model only in the areas previously identified as productive by the logistic component. The HS models were validated on an independent data set and estimates of potential yield of the Goro lagoon were compared. The effectiveness of the three approaches is then discussed in terms of predicted yield and identification of suitable sites for farming.  相似文献   

Mineralisation of amethyst-bearing geodes in Ametista do Sul (Brazil) from low-temperature sedimentary brines: evidence from monophase liquid inclusions and stable isotopes     

H. Albert Gilg  Yves Krüger  Heinrich Taubald  Alfons M. van den Kerkhof  Martin Frenz  Giulio Morteani 《Mineralium Deposita》2014,49(7):861-877

Fluid inclusion studies in combination with hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur isotope data provide novel insights into the genesis of giant amethyst-bearing geodes in Early Cretaceous Paraná continental flood basalts at Amestita do Sul, Brazil. Monophase liquid inclusions in colourless quartz, amethyst, calcite, barite and gypsum were analysed by microthermometry after stimulating bubble nucleation using single femtosecond laser pulses. The salinity of the fluid inclusions was determined from ice-melting temperatures and a combination of prograde and retrograde homogenisation temperatures via the density maximum of the aqueous solutions. Four mineralisation stages are distinguished. In stage I, celadonite, chalcedony and pyrite formed under reducing conditions in a thermally stable environment. Low δ³⁴S_V-CDT values of pyrite (?25 to ?32?‰) suggest biogenic sulphate reduction by organotrophic bacteria. During the subsequent stages II (amethyst, goethite and anhydrite), III (early subhedral calcite) and IV (barite, late subhedral calcite and gypsum), the oxidation state of the fluid changed towards more oxidising conditions and microbial sulphate reduction ceased. Three distinct modes of fluid salinities around 5.3, 3.4 and 0.3 wt% NaCl-equivalent characterise the mineralisation stages II, III and IV, respectively. The salinity of the stage I fluid is unknown due to lack of fluid inclusions. Variation in homogenisation temperatures and in δ¹⁸O values of amethyst show evidence of repeated pulses of ascending hydrothermal fluids of up to 80–90 °C infiltrating a basaltic host rock of less than 45 °C. Colourless quartz and amethyst formed at temperatures between 40 and 80 °C, while the different calcite generations and late gypsum precipitated at temperatures below 45 °C. Calculated oxygen isotope composition of the amethyst-precipitating fluid in combination with δD values of amethyst-hosted fluid inclusions (?59 to ?51?‰) show a significant ¹⁸O-shift from the meteoric water line. This ¹⁸O-shift, high salinities of the fluid inclusions with chloride-sulphate composition, and high δ³⁴S values of anhydrite and barite (7.5 to 9.9?‰) suggest that sedimentary brines from deeper parts of the Guaraní aquifer system must have been responsible for the amethyst mineralisation.  相似文献   

Structural trends and palaeogeography of the central and western Sicily belt: new insights     

Raimondo Catalano  Piero Di  Stefano Francesco Paolo Vitale 《地学学报》1995,7(2):189-199

The geology of the Sicilian mainland is summarized by N–S geological sections. A continuous late Cenozoic orogenic belt through central and western Sicily resulted from a complex deformative history, recorded by several tectonic events. The deformation mainly involved the sedimentary cover of the old African continental margin, formed in a large basinal area, bordered at its southern margin by a shallow-water carbonate environment attached to Gondwana. The orogenic belt involves a complex architecture of thrust systems, of different size, geometry and palaeogeographical origin. Deformation, which mainly developed in the earlier stages of thrusting in the basinal rock assemblages, mainly gave rise to a stack of three different duplex structures, respectively, composed of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic–Palaeogene and Neogene strata. Large-scale clockwise rotation of the thrusts predated transpressional movements in the hinterland during the latest Miocene to Pliocene. High- angle reverse faults, with lateral components, modified earlier tectonic contacts within the allochthons. Contemporaneous southwards- directed imbrications affected the external southern areas, progressively incorporating foreland and piggyback basirts. The stratigraphic relationships of basin-fills to the tectonic structures reveals that reactivation processes have been active during the last Plio-Pleistocene.  相似文献   

Non-integrability of the problem of motion around an oblate planet     

Alessandra Celletti  Piero Negrini 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1995,61(3):253-260

We provide a result of non-analytic integrability of the so-called J ₂-problem. Precisely by using the Lerman theorem we are able to prove the existence of a region of the phase space, where the dynamical system exhibits chaotic motions.  相似文献   

δ ¹¹B as tracer of slab dehydration and mantle evolution in Western Anatolia Cenozoic Magmatism     

Sonia Tonarini  Samuele Agostini  Fabrizio Innocenti  Piero Manetti 《地学学报》2005,17(3):259-264

Boron isotope data are presented for Cenozoic Western Anatolia rocks, which define two main associations: (i) calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and ultra-potassic rocks (Early to Middle Miocene); and (ii) Late Miocene–Quaternary intraplate alkali basalts. Boron data, together with Sr–Nd isotope and other trace elements, are consistent with a progressive dehydration of the slab, producing fluid phases gradually depleted in B (and ¹¹B). These fluids were added to the supraslab mantle, triggering a partial melting that gave rise to orogenic magmatism. The stretching and tearing of the slab caused by the faster convergence of Greece over Africa with respect to Anatolia facilitated an interaction of the upwelling subslab asthenosphere with residual slab-fluids during the Late Miocene followed by production of typical intraplate magmas during the Pleistocene–Holocene, whose relatively high δ¹¹B (approximately −2‰) is considered representative of the local asthenosphere not affected by subduction contamination.  相似文献   

Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Rhine Basin (North-West Germany) and the Valle Ricca pits (Central Italy)     

Claudio Arias  Giulio Bigazzi  Francescopaolo Bonadonna  Karl Brunnacker  Brigitte Urban 《Quaternary Science Reviews》1984,3(1):73-89

Biostratigraphic and palaeomagnetic research has been carried out on selected profiles in North-Western Germany and Central Italy in order to correlate Plio-Pleistocene sections.Around the Réunion subchronozone, vegetation in the Valle Ricca was dominated by a mountain forest type pointing to cool climatic conditions. In the Lower Rhine Basin vegetation had a slightly warmer character, but was also dominated strongly by a mountain type of forest vegetation, characteristic of cooler summers and higher precipitation than at present.Two warmer periods have been determined in the Central Italian profiles; the youngest around the Olduvai reversal, should correspond to the youngest Tiglian beds of the Lower Rhine Basin.Deposits older than the Réunion subzone have not been found in the Valle Ricca. In the Lower Rhine Basin, on the other hand, the Gauss-Matuyama boundary is located between the uppermost Pliocene, the Reuverian C and the Praetiglian.  相似文献   

Energy and long-range disorder in simple spinels     

Antonio Della Giusta  Giulio Ottonello 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1994,20(8):626-626

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