First discovery of cryptotephra in Holocene peat deposits of Estonia, eastern Baltic     

TIIT HANG  STEFAN WASTEGÅRD  SIIM VESKI  ATKO HEINSALU 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2006,35(4):644-649

This article reports the first discovery of middle Holocene cryptotephra from a peat sequence in Estonia, eastern Baltic. Two sequences, Mustjärve and Parika (located 110 km apart), were chosen for a pilot study aimed at finding traces of tephra fallout during the middle Holocene. Peat accumulation at both sites started in the early Holocene (c. 9500–9000 ¹⁴C yr BP; c . 11 000–10000 cal. yr BP) and continued throughout the whole Holocene. The radiocarbon-dated intervals between c. 2000 and 5000 ¹⁴C yr BP (c. 2000–5500 cal. yr BP) were chosen from both sites for the study. Colourless tephra shards were identified at 312–316 cm below the peat surface in the Mustjärve peat sequence, while no tephra was found in peat of the same age at Parika. Electron microprobe analyses suggest a correlation with the initial phase of the Hekla-4 eruption (c. 4260 cal. yr BP), although the age-depth model indicated an age around 4900 cal. yr BP. Small concentrations of colourless to light brown tephra shards at 266–270 cm in the Mustjärve sequence indicate that the Kebister tephra (c. 3750 cal. yr BP) might also be present, but geochemical analyses were not possible. The low concentration and small size of the tephra particles indicate that Estonian bogs are probably on the verge of where tephrochronology is possible in northwestern Europe. Further studies of full Holocene sequences are required in order to discover traces of other ash plumes reaching as far east as the eastern Baltic area.  相似文献   

Reflection response for normal incidence probing of vertically nonhomogeneous media     

Vetter  W. Zielinski  A. Cochrane  N. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1982,7(3):120-131

A time domain synthetic reflection seismogram is detailed and, as a limiting condition on this model, the analytic reflection impulse response for a one-dimensional lossless acoustic medium with piecewise continuous acoustic impedance is obtained. This analytic impulse response solution, in the structure of a sum of terms by order of reflection, provides insight to some of the poorly understood aspects of acoustic reflections from stratified and smoothly varying media as may be encountered in shallow marine sediments and elsewhere. It offers as well an approach for the inverse problem of extracting acoustic impedance profiles from reflection response data, though other effects (such as wavefront spreading, dispersive and absorptive attenuation, and wavelet broadening attendant with pulse propagation through a medium) need to be accommodated.  相似文献   

南极大型动物粪土层和蛋卵中有机氯污染物分布特征及生态学意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张海生  王自磐  卢冰  朱纯  武光海  Walter Vetter 《中国科学D辑》2006,36(12):1111-1121

新近从南极菲尔徳斯半岛和阿德雷岛的海鸟和海豹栖息地粪土层中检出持久性有机氯污染物(POPs)总含量范围: 多氯联苯(PCBs)为0.21~3.85 ng/g; 有机氯农药滴滴涕(ΣDDT)为0.09~2.01ng/g; 六六六(ΣHCH)为0.06~0.76 ng/g, 并以七氯、六氯联苯、P, P-DDE和α-HCH化合物为主体; 在贼鸥和巨海燕、企鹅蛋卵中检出POPs含量各为12.5~294.2和2.0~10.2 ng/g (湿重); 积蓄形式以PCB180, PCB153, P, P’-DDE和HCB和P, P’-DDE为主. 研究表明, 栖息地粪土层POPs含量变化与海鸟不同种群食性以及营巢占域的不同而相异; 对不同种类海鸟卵样的POPs数据进行统计分析, 结果显示不同鸟种POPs积累水平的差异取决于不同鸟种的生态习性, 如活动范围、迁徒距离、觅食习性以及巢址选择等, 最重要是海鸟生态食物链中的位置, 其食谱的宽窄, 同样表明海鸟体内POPs积累通过食物链逐渐加强的结果. 其次还对阿德雷岛地区AD1, AD2短柱粪土地层进行²¹⁰Pb测年, 并进行POPs积累率及分子地层学记录的初步研究.  相似文献   

Estimating atmospheric pressure loading regression coefficients from GPS observations     

Klaus Kaniuth  Sandra Vetter 《GPS Solutions》2006,10(2):135-134

The loading exerted by atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth causes deformations, mainly in vertical direction. Consequently, these deformations are also subject to pressure variations. At present this effect is only modeled by a few research groups in the post-processing of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and global positioning system (GPS) observations. As the displacements may clearly exceed the accuracy goals, we implement vertical pressure loading regression coefficients as a new estimable parameter type in the Bernese GPS software. This development is applied to a network of 60 European permanent GPS stations extending from 35 to 79° northern latitude. The analysis comprises 1,055 days of observations between January 2001 and February 2004. During that period pressure variations as large as 80 hPa occurred at high latitude sites. A least squares solution including all observations and all relevant parameters yields significant regression coefficients for all stations but reveals also some critical issues with regard to the capability of this geodetic approach to verify results based on the geophysical convolution method.An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

Reviews     

Peter R. Odell  Seiya Uyeda  V. P. Zenkovich  C. Koeman  Johannes Ulrich  Maurice K.-Seguin  K. Gerke  U. Vetter  G. T. W. Wittmann  H. J. Habing  J. Gentilli 《GeoJournal》1977,1(1):95-100

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Book reviews     

W. M. Adams  R. Meissner  U. Vetter  G. Kunkel  W. Ritchie  E. Seibold  John E. Bardach  M. J. Orren  M. K. Seguin  G. Müller  Matti Karras 《GeoJournal》1979,3(3):321-328

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El Niño may affect growth behaviour of Amazonian tress     

Roland E. Vetter  Paulo C. Botosso 《GeoJournal》1989,19(4):419-421

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Rheologic properties of the lithosphere and applications to passive continental margins     

U.R. Vetter  R.O. Meissner 《Tectonophysics》1979,59(1-4)

Thermal and petrologic models of the crust and upper mantle are used for calculating effective viscosities on the basis of constant creep rates. Viscosity—depth models together with pressure—depth models are calculated for continental and oceanic blocks facing each other at continental margins. It is found from these “static models” that the overburden pressure in the lower crust and uppermost mantle causes a stress which is directed from the ocean to the continent. The generally low viscosity of 10²⁰–10²³ poise in this region should permit a creep process which could finally lead to a “silent” subduction. In the upper crust static stresses act in the opposite direction, i.e. from the continent to the ocean, favouring tension which could produce normal faulting in the continent. Differences between observations and the results obtained from the static models are attributed to dynamical forces.  相似文献   

High CO2 content of fluid inclusions in gold mineralisations in the Ashanti Belt, Ghana: a new category of ore forming fluids? – a reply     

A. Schmidt Mumm  T. Oberthür  U. Vetter  T. G. Blenkinsop 《Mineralium Deposita》1998,33(3):320-322

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Holocene humidity fluctuations in Sweden inferred from dendrochronology and peat stratigraphy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

BJÖRN ERIK GUNNARSON  ERS BORGMARK  STEFAN WASTEGÅRD 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(2):347-360

Tree-ring and peat stratigraphy data were examined back to 5000 BC in order to identify and compare humidity changes in Fennoscandia. The temporal variation in distribution of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was used as a measure of past lake-level fluctuations in central Sweden. The chronology, which spans 2893 BC–AD 1998 with minor gaps in AD 887–907 and 1633–1650 BC and with additional floating chronologies back to 4868 BC, was cross-dated and fixed to an absolute timescale using a chronology from Torneträsk, northern Sweden. The peat stratigraphy from the Stömyren peat bog, south-central Sweden, was transformed into humification indices to evaluate humidity changes during the past 8000 years. The peat chronology is established by four tephra datings and eight ¹⁴C datings. Synchronous periods of drier conditions, interpreted from regeneration and the mortality pattern of pine, tree-ring chronology and peat humification, were recognized at c. 4900–4800 BC, 2400–2200 BC, 2100–1800 BC, 1500–1100 BC, AD 50–200, AD 400–600 and AD 1350–1500. Possible wetter periods were encountered at 3600–3400 BC, 3200–2900 BC, 2200–2100 BC, 1700–1500 BC, 1100–900 BC, 100 BC-AD 50, AD 200–400, AD 750–900 and AD 1550–1700. The wet and dry periods revealed by the tree rings and peat stratigraphy data indicate considerable humidity changes in the Holocene.  相似文献