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71.
Dresing Nina Gómez-Herrero Raúl Heber Bernd Müller-Mellin Reinhold Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert Klassen Andreas 《Solar physics》2009,256(1-2):409-425
The period between 21 June and 8 October, 2007 (Carrington rotations 2058 to 2061), comprising the Ulysses ecliptic plane crossing, was characterized by low solar activity. Excluding the small solar energetic particle events observed during July, the ion increases observed in the inner heliosphere between 100?keV/n and 10?MeV/n were associated with Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs). In this work, we investigate CIR-related ion increases using multipoint observations from Ulysses, ACE, and the twin STEREO spacecraft. The ballistic backmapping technique has been used to correlate in situ observations of these spacecraft and remote-sensing observations of coronal holes. Although the radial, longitudinal and latitudinal separation of the spacecraft (except Ulysses) are relatively small, we find discrepancies when a detailed comparison of narrow structures like stream interfaces and CIR-associated shocks is performed. Therefore we concentrate on the two CIR events from day 5 to day 10 of August 2007 and from day 25 to day 31 of August 2007, which lend themselves to a more undisturbed comparison. Using the multi-spacecraft measurements we could determine a radial gradient of 230±30% AU?1, which is consistent with previous results by van Hollebeke et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4723, 1978) of ～?350% AU?1 using Helios and Pioneer data.
相似文献72.
The ecological fallacy (EF) is a common problem regional scientists have to deal with when using aggregated data in their analyses. Although there is a wide number of studies considering different aspects of this problem, little attention has been paid to the potential negative effects of the EF in a time series context. Using Spanish regional unemployment data, this paper shows that EF effects are not only observed at the cross-section level, but also in a time series framework. The empirical evidence obtained shows that analytical regional configurations are the least susceptible to time effects relative to both normative and random regional configurations, while normative configurations are an improvement over random ones.
相似文献
| Raúl RamosEmail: |
73.
74.
We tested attenuation relations obtained for different regions of the world to verify their suitability to predict strong-motion data recorded by Medellín and Aburrá Valley Accelerographic Networks. We used as comparison criteria, the average of the difference between the observed and the predicted data as a function of epicenter distance and its standard deviation. We also used the approach developed by Sherbaum et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 94:2164–2185, 2004) that provides a method to evaluate the overall goodness-of-fit of ground-motion prediction equations. The predictive models selected use a generic focal depth. We found that this parameter has an important influence in the ground-motion predictions and must be taken into account as an independent variable. We also found important to characterize the local soil amplification to improve the attenuation relations. We found empirical relations for peak horizontal acceleration PGA and velocity PGV based on the Kamiyama and Yanagisawa (Soils Found 26:16–32, 1986) approach. $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} (PGA)=0.5886M_L -1.0902\log _{10}(R)-0.0035H+C_{st}\pm 0.\text{29} \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} (PGV)=0.7255M_L -1.8812\log _{10}(R)-0.0016H+C_{st}\pm 0.36 \end{aligned}$$ where PGA is measured in cm/s $^{2}$ and PGV in cm/s, $M_{L}$ is local magnitude in the range 2.8–6.5, $R$ is epicentral distance up to 290 km, $H$ is focal depth in km and $C_{st}$ is a coefficient that accounts for the site response due to soil conditions of each recording station. The introduction of focal depth and local site conditions as independent variables, minimize the residuals and the dispersion of the predicted data. We conclude that $H$ and $C_{st}$ are sensitive parameters, having a strong influence on the strong-motion predictions. Using the same functional form, we also propose an empirical relation for the root mean square acceleration a $_\mathrm{rms}$ : $$\begin{aligned} \log _{10} \left( {a_{rms} } \right)=0.4797M_L -1.1665\log _{10} (R)-0.00201H+C_{st}\pm 0.40 \end{aligned}$$ where a $_\mathrm{rms}$ is measured in cm/s $^{2}$ , from the S-wave arrival and using a window length equal to the rupture duration. The other variables are the same as those for PGA and PGV. The site correction coefficients $C_{st}$ found for PGA, PGV and a $_\mathrm{rms}$ show a similar trend indicating a good correlation with the soil conditions of the recording sites. 相似文献
75.
Evaluation of drill cuttings in prediction of penetration rate by using coarseness index and mean particle size in percussive drilling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Raşİt Altindag 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2004,22(3):417-425
Penetration rate of rocks is influenced by geological parameters, machine parameters and operating parameters. This paper
presents a study on the coarseness index (CI) and mean particle size (d) to evaluate the penetration rate (PR) in percussive drilling in a limestone and in a marl quarry. The coarseness index was determined from sieve analysis. The
mean particle size (d) and specific surface area (SSA) were determined by using Rossin-Rammler-Sperling (RRS) graph for each hole samples. The relationships between PR and CI, d, SSA were investigated by regression analysis. The best lines were selected in these graphs. Reliable relations were found between
penetration rate and coarseness index and mean particle size. Finally, it was seen that the coarseness index and mean particle
size could be used in evaluating the penetration rate in percussive drilling operations.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
76.
77.
Bottom sediments near shipyards are often susceptible to receiving accidental spills of TBT and metals or their degradation products from hull scraping of antifouling system paints applied prior to 2008, when the AFS Convention 2001 was not in force. We investigated TBT and metal contamination of sediments near the shipyards of a small marina located in Busan, Korea and found that they were highly contaminated with TBT, Cu, and Zn. To better understand the environmental impacts and to make an optimal remediation plan, we characterized individual antifouling fragments in terms of metal and TBT contents, magnetic properties, and grain-size. Coarse-sized individual antifouling fragments exhibited simultaneously high levels of TBT, metals and high magnetic susceptibility, and appeared to be a major source of pollution in the sediment. Therefore, magnetic separation in combination with size-separation appears to be a cost-effective remediation method to remove the TBT and metals from contaminated shipyard sediments. 相似文献
78.
Sergio León-Ríos Sergio Ruiz Andrei Maksymowicz Felipe Leyton Amaya Fuenzalida Raúl Madariaga 《Journal of Seismology》2016,20(4):1059-1073
We study the foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake of Mw 8.1. Most of these events were recorded by a large digital seismic network that included the Northern Chile permanent network and up to 26 temporary broadband digital stations. We relocated and computed moment tensors for 151 events of magnitude Mw?≥?4.5. Most of the foreshocks and aftershocks of the Iquique earthquake are distributed to the southwest of the rupture zone. These events are located in a band of about 50 km from the trench, an area where few earthquakes occur elsewhere in Chile. Another important group of aftershocks is located above the plate interface, similar to those observed during the foreshock sequence. The depths of these events were constrained by regional moment tensor (RMT) solutions obtained using the records of the dense broad band network. The majority of the foreshocks and aftershocks were associated to the interplate contact, with dip and strike angles in good agreement with the characteristics of horst and graben structures (>2000 m offset) typical of the oceanic Nazca Plate at the trench and in the outer rise region. We propose that the spatial distribution of foreshocks and aftershocks, and its seismological characteristics were strongly controlled by the rheological and tectonics conditions of the extreme erosive margin of Northern Chile. 相似文献
79.
Body-wave Attenuation in the Region of Garda, Italy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Raúl R. Castro Marco Massa Paolo Augliera Francesca Pacor 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(7):1351-1366
We analyzed the spectral amplitude decay with hypocentral distance of P and S waves generated by 76 small magnitude earthquakes (ML 0.9–3.8) located in the Garda region, Central-Eastern Alps, Italy. These events were recorded by 18 stations with velocity
sensors, in a distance range between 8 and 120 km. We calculated nonparametric attenuation functions (NAF) and estimated the
quality factor Q of both body waves at 17 different frequencies between 2 and 25 Hz. Assuming a homogeneous model we found that the Q frequency dependence of P and S can be approximated with the functions Q
P
= 65 f
0.9
and Q
S
= 160 f
0.6
, respectively. At 2 Hz the Q
S
/Q
P
ratio reaches the highest value of 2.8. At higher frequencies Q
S
/Q
P
varies between 0.7 and 1.7, suggesting that for this frequency band scattering may be an important attenuation mechanism
in the region of Garda. To explore the variation of Q in depth, we estimated Q at short (r ≤ 30 km) and intermediate (35–90 km) distance paths. We found that in the shallow crust P waves attenuate more than S (1.3 < Q
S
/Q
P
< 2.5). Moreover, P waves traveling along paths in the lower crust (depths approximately greater than 30 km) attenuate more than S waves. To quantify the observed variability of Q in depth we considered a three-layer model and inverted the NAF to estimate Q in each layer. We found that in the crust Q increases with depth. However, in the upper mantle (~40–50 km depth) Q decreases and in particular the high frequency Q
S
(f > 9 Hz) has values similar to those estimated for the shallow layer of the crust. 相似文献
80.
Long-period seismicity during magma movement at Volcán de Colima 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Nick R. Varley Raúl Arámbula-Mendoza Gabriel Reyes-Dávila John Stevenson Rob Harwood 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(9):1093-1107
During the period from February to September 2005, Volcán de Colima produced 30 Vulcanian explosions of sufficient magnitude
to produce pyroclastic flows of variable size, with a total volume of at least 2.5 × 106 m3. Swarms of long-period events were associated with each event, their duration ranging from about 6 h to 3 days and each swarm
containing up to 886 events. The characteristics of the swarms have been studied to understand the source mechanism and their
relationship with the Vulcanian explosions. In total, 12,548 long-period events were analysed using various comparative and
statistical methods. Patterns were not apparent in the data with no correlation between different properties of the swarms
(duration, magnitude or frequency of occurrence of LP events) and the magnitude of the associated Vulcanian explosion, whether
recorded by seismicity, volume of pyroclastics or altitude of the eruption column. This, along with other characteristics
of the swarms, such as the continuation of the swarm after the explosion, with an increase in long-period event amplitude
in some cases, suggests that the mechanism is not merely associated with the pressurization under an impermeable cap and resulting
pressure differentials between adjacent volumes within the system. It is more likely that the production of long-period events
is dominated by brittle fracturing on the margins of an ascending magma body. A model is proposed whereby the unloading above
the ascending magma column produced by a Vulcanian explosion resulted in an increase in ascent rate, reflected in the increasing
amplitude of long-period events. The results reflect the complexity of non-linear processes involved during magma ascent,
degassing, crystallization and rupture of the impermeable plug during the Vulcanian process. At Volcán de Colima, as at many
volcanoes, long-period events represent a useful precursor for eruptive activity. For monitoring, this paper highlights some
useful analyses that can be carried out, which could illustrate certain characteristics of an eruptive episode. A preliminary
model is presented of the conduit processes at work during the cyclic extrusive and explosive activity during 2005. 相似文献