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Incubation experiments were carried out daily during a Lagrangian experiment within an upwelled filament off the Galician coast to determine the importance of microzooplankton in the diet of calanoid copepods. Despite low chlorophyll concentrations the microzooplankton formed the minor component of the diet of the copepod community (7 to 15% of carbon ingested through autotrophic and heterotrophic prey). Ingestion of ciliates was greater than that of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, which reflected a higher abundance of ciliates in the water column. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates appeared also to be consumed by the copepods, although the very small size fraction (2–5μm) was probably not grazed by the larger copepods of Calanus spp. Grazing pressure by the copepods enumerated in the net samples was not sufficient to impact significantly the microzooplankton populations (2 to 51% of daily microzooplankton production was removed). Allometric relationships of grazing on microzooplankton for a range of numerically dominant copepod species are developed from the experimental results. The grazing pressure of the whole copepod community is estimated from these relationships. By considering the total mesozooplankton community we suggest that microzooplankton growth was probably restricted by metazoan grazers. 相似文献
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Stein Rune Karlsen Anne Tolvanen Eero Kubin Jarmo Poikolainen Kjell Arild Høgda Bernt Johansen Fiona S. Danks Paul Aspholm Frans Emil Wielgolaski Olga Makarova 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2008
Northern Fennoscandia is an ecologically heterogeneous region in the arctic/alpine-boreal transition area. Phenology data on birch from 13 stations and 16-day MODIS-NDVI composite satellite data with 250 m resolution for the period 2000 to 2006 were used to map the growing season. A new combined pixel-specific NDVI threshold and decision rule-based mapping method was developed to determine the onset and end of the growing season. A moderately high correlation was found between NDVI data and birch phenology data. The earliest onset of the growing season is found in the narrow strip of lowland between the mountains and the sea along the coast of northern Norway. The onset follows a clear gradient from lowland to mountain corresponding to the decreasing temperature gradient. In autumn, the yellowing of the vegetation shows a more heterogeneous pattern. The length of the growing season is between 100 and 130 days in 55% of the study area. 相似文献
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The heat flow content in vitrinite reflectance (VR) observations is studied based on a simple model of burial at a constant
rate. The model is made dimensionless, and it has just one parameter except for the paleo heat flow. The question of existence
and uniqueness of a solution is studied, and there exist in general no paleo heat flow that will reproduce a given VR-depth
curve. But a solution is unique if it exists. A computed VR-depth function is shown to be smooth, even for piecewise constant
heat flow histories. The paleo heat flow can be obtained from a VR-depth function after two times with derivations. It is
also shown how the present day thermal gradient can be obtained by derivation of a VR-depth representation. The one-parameter
model allows for approximate expressions for the optimal paleo heat flow as a step function. The results obtained from the
one-parameter model is also compared with similar results from a real case study from the North Sea using a state-of-the-art
basin simulator. 相似文献