The structure of the stably stratified internal boundary layer in offshore flow over the sea     

J. R. Garratt  B. F. Ryan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1989,47(1-4):17-40

Observations obtained mainly from a research aircraft are presented of the mean and turbulent structure of the stably stratified internal boundary layer (IBL) over the sea formed by warm air advection from land to sea. The potential temperature and humidity fields reveal the vertical extent of the IBL, for fetches out to several hundred of kilometres, geostrophic winds of 20–25 m s^–1, and potential temperature differences between undisturbed continental air and the sea surface of 7 to 17 K. The dependence of IBL depth on these external parameters is discussed in the context of the numerical results of Garratt (1987), and some discrepancies are noted.Wind observations show the development of a low-level wind maximum (wind component normal to the coast) and rotation of the wind to smaller cross-isobar flow angles. Potential temperature () profiles within the IBL reveal quite a different structure to that found in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) over land. Over the sea, profiles have large positive curvature with vertical gradients increasing monotonically with height; this reflects the dominance of turbulent cooling within the layer. The behaviour is consistent with known behaviour in the NBL over land where curvature becomes negative (vertical gradients of decreasing with height) as radiative cooling becomes dominant.Turbulent properties are discussed in terms of non-dimensional quantities, normalised by the surface friction velocity, as functions of normalised height using the IBL depth. Vertical profiles of these and the normalised wavelength of the spectral maximum agree well with known results for the stable boundary layer over land (Caughey et al., 1979).  相似文献   

The response of ionospheric convection in the polar cap to substorm activity     

M. Lester  M. Lockwood  T. K. Yeoman  S. W. H. Cowley  H. Lühr  R. Bunting  C. J. Farrugia 《Annales Geophysicae》1995,13(2):147-158

We report multi-instrument observations during an isolated substorm on 17 October 1989. The EISCAT radar operated in the SP-UK-POLI mode measuring ionospheric convection at latitudes 71°-78°. SAMNET and the EISCAT Magnetometer Cross provide information on the timing of substorm expansion phase onset and subsequent intensifications, as well as the location of the field aligned and ionospheric currents associated with the substorm current wedge. IMP-8 magnetic field data are also included. Evidence of a substorm growth phase is provided by the equatorward motion of a flow reversal boundary across the EISCAT radar field of view at 2130 MLT, following a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We infer that the polar cap expanded as a result of the addition of open magnetic flux to the tail lobes during this interval. The flow reversal boundary, which is a lower limit to the polar cap boundary, reached an invariant latitude equatorward of 71° by the time of the expansion phase onset. A westward electrojet, centred at 65.4°, occurred at the onset of the expansion phase. This electrojet subsequently moved poleward to a maximum of 68.1° at 2000 UT and also widened. During the expansion phase, there is evidence of bursts of plasma flow which are spatially localised at longitudes within the substorm current wedge and which occurred well poleward of the westward electrojet. We conclude that the substorm onset region in the ionosphere, defined by the westward electrojet, mapped to a part of the tail radially earthward of the boundary between open and closed magnetic flux, the “distant” neutral line. Thus the substorm was not initiated at the distant neutral line, although there is evidence that it remained active during the expansion phase. It is not obvious whether the electrojet mapped to a near-Earth neutral line, but at its most poleward, the expanded electrojet does not reach the estimated latitude of the polar cap boundary.  相似文献   

The polarization of Pc5 ULF waves around dawn: A possible ionospheric conductivity gradient effect     

G. Chisham  D. Orr  T. K. Yeoman  D. K. Milling  M. Lester  J. A. Davies 《Annales Geophysicae》1995,13(2):159-167

In this study over 100 Pc5 events observed on the SAMNET magnetometer array have been catalogued. The ground horizontal polarization of these waves has been investigated and it has been shown that there are large differences between the polarization azimuth distributions on either side of noon. In the morning the azimuth distributions are spread evenly across all possible orientations whereas in the afternoon they are predominantly in a North-South orientation. The difference appears to be the result of a specific polarization pattern that occurred across the SAMNET array for 31 of the Pc5 events. These 31 Pc5 events all occurred in the morning sector, close to the dawn terminator. It is suggested that this special polarization pattern is a consequence of ionospheric conductivity gradients that occur at around dawn. This theory is reinforced by the comparison of the local times of these polarization variations with the local time of sunrise. By employing ionospheric conductivity data from the EISCAT radar for two of these Pc5 events, this connection has been studied in more detail.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical prospecting for uranium in Nova Scotia     

R.R. Brooks  J. Holzbecher  D.J. Robertson  D.E. Ryan 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1982,16(3):189-195

Ashed twigs of Picea rubens (red spruce) collected over an area of uranium mineralization in central Nova Scotia were analyzed for uranium in the course of biogeochemical prospecting for this element. Uranium levels in background samples were significantly lower than in those collected from areas with mineralization either at depth or on the surface. Scintillometric data were useful only to differentiate background and surface mineralization. Uranium levels in soils showed no correlation whatsoever with mineralization or with radiometry. There was a very high degree of correlation between the scintillometric data and uranium concentrations in ashed twigs and it is considered that twigs of Picea rubens might be successfully used for biogeochemical prospecting for uranium in this area.  相似文献   

'Driving people crazy': A geography of boy racers in Christchurch, New Zealand     

Ryan Falconer  Simon Kingham 《New Zealand geographer》2007,63(3):181-191

Abstract:   So-called 'boy racers' form a subculture, which is subject to ongoing public scrutiny and media attention, usually negative. This study aimed to deconstruct the term 'boy racer' and to explore the subculture in detail, within the context of Christchurch, New Zealand, using a phenomenological ethnographic approach. This included conducting semistructured interviews and observing the activities of participants. Results show the subculture has a relatively diverse membership and a range of associated behaviours, activities and attitudes. Moreover, performances within the subculture are linked to place, and are seen by other members of the community as threats to normative boundaries.  相似文献   

Gravity anomalies and crustal shortening in the eastern Mediterranean   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Philip D. Rabinowitz  William B. F. Ryan 《Tectonophysics》1970,10(5-6):585-608

Crustal shortening of the ocean floor in the eastern Mediterranean is recognized by a marked thickening of the sedimentary layer seaward of the Hellenic and Calabrian island arcs. Steep gradients and large negative free-air anomalies in the gravity field along with a highly uniform, low regional heat flow are manifestations of the thickened crust. Bodies of recently deformed sediment in and seaward of the Hellenic Trough reveal the style, polarity, and dynamics of the thickening mechanism.

A linear buried anticlinal structure, inferred from analysis of surface ship gravity profiles, may mark the site of contemporary intrabasinal underthrusting. The distribution of earthquakes beneath the Mediterranean Ridge supports the interpretation that the Anaximander, Ptolomy, and Strabo Mountains are features comparable to large basement nappes. Cyprus is one such structure, offset to the south, where the oceanic crust and part of the upper mantle have been involved in the décollement.  相似文献   

Pollution and the offshore oil industry     

T.E. Lester  L.R. Beynon 《Marine pollution bulletin》1973,4(2):23-25

Exploration and exploitation of the North Sea oil field has caused a good deal of concern about the possibility of major pollution. Three major accidents to offshore wells are examined to discover the risk and likely consequences of a blow-out in the North Sea.  相似文献   

Comments on “The crustal structure of the Balearic Sea” — in light of deep-sea drilling in the Mediterranean     

K.J. Hsü  W.B.F. Ryan   《Tectonophysics》1973,20(1-4):303-306

Supplementary to the paper by K. Hinz on The crustal structure of the Balearic Sea, some results are reported from the deep-sea drilling cruise of the “Glomar Challenger”.  相似文献   

Probing the oxidation-reduction properties of terrestrially and microbially derived dissolved organic matter   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Ryan L. Fimmen  Rose M. Cory  Tamara D. Trouts 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(12):3003-3015

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to be an integral component in biogeochemical electron transfer reactions due to its demonstrated ability to facilitate redox reactions. While the role of DOM as a facilitator of electron transfer processes has been demonstrated, greater knowledge would lead to better understanding of the structural components responsible for redox behavior, such as quinones and nitrogen and sulfur (N/S) functional groups. This investigation uses direct scan voltammetry (DSV) coupled with fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy as well as thermochemolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to elucidate the organic moieties responsible for facilitating electron transfer reactions. We contrast electrochemical properties and structural details of three organic matter isolates from diverse sources; Great Dismal Swamp DOM (terrestrially derived, highly aromatic), Pony Lake DOM (microbially derived, highly aliphatic) and Toolik Lake (terrestrially derived, photochemically and microbially altered) with juglone (a redox-active model quinone). Aromatic and phenolic constituents were detected (by ¹³C NMR) and recovered (by thermochemolysis GC-MS) from all three fulvic acid samples, highlighting the ubiquity of these compounds and suggesting that the quinone-phenol redox couple is not limited to DOM derived from lignin precursors. The range of hydroxy-benzene and benzoic acid derivatives may explain the lack of a single pair of well-defined oxidation and reduction peaks in the DSV scans. The presence of a wide-range of hydroxylated benzoic acid isomers and other redox-active aromatic residues implies that native DOM possesses overlapping redox potentials analogous to their characteristic range of pK_a values.  相似文献   

A critical review of three methods used for the measurement of mercury (Hg)-dissolved organic matter stability constants     

Jarrod D. Gasper  George R. Aiken  Joseph N. Ryan 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

Three experimental techniques – ion exchange, liquid–liquid extraction with competitive ligand exchange, and solid-phase extraction with competitive ligand exchange (CLE–SPE) – were evaluated as methods for determining conditional stability constants (K) for the binding of mercury (Hg²⁺) to dissolved organic matter (DOM). To determine the utility of a given method to measure stability constants at environmentally relevant experimental conditions, experimental results should meet three criteria: (1) the data must be experimentally valid, in that they were acquired under conditions that meet all the requirements of the experimental method, (2) the Hg:DOM ratio should be determined and it should fall within levels that are consistent with environmental conditions, and (3) the stability constants must fall within the detection window of the method. The ion exchange method was found to be limited by its detection window, which constrains the method to stability constants with log K values less than about 14. The liquid–liquid extraction method was found to be complicated by the ability of Hg–DOM complexes to partition into the organic phase. The CLE–SPE method was found to be the most suitable of these methods for the measurement of Hg–DOM stability constants. Stability constants for DOM isolates measured using the CLE–SPE method at environmentally relevant Hg:DOM ratios were log K = 25–30 (M⁻¹). These values are consistent with the strong Hg²⁺ binding expected for reduced S-containing binding sites.  相似文献