Linking Adaptation and Mitigation in Climate Change Policy   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Sally Kane  Jason F. Shogren 《Climatic change》2000,45(1):75-102

How people privately and collectively adapt to climate risk can affect the costs and benefits of public mitigation policy (e.g., Kyoto); an obvious point often neglected in actual policy making. Herein we use the economic theory of endogenous risk to address this optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation strategies, and examine how increased variability in climate change threats affects this mix. We stress that a better understanding of the cross-links between mitigation and adaptation would potentially make it possible to provide more risk reduction with less wealth. Policies that are formulated without considering the cross-links can unintentionally undermine the effectiveness of public sector policies and programs because of unaddressed conflicts between the strategies. We also discuss the cross-disciplinary lessons to be learned from this literature, and identify important research questions to spur discussion in the next round of inquiry.  相似文献   

Environmental process descriptors for TNT, TNT-related compounds and picric acid in marine sediment slurries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yost SL  Pennington JC  Brannon JM  Hayes CA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(8):1262-1266

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Reports from the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Network,June 2010     

Edward Venzke  Sally Kuhn Sennert  Richard Wunderman  Jen Fela 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(1):113-114

Information included in this summary is based on more detailed reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 35, no. 6, June 2010 on the Internet at ). Edited by scientists at the Smithsonian, this bulletin includes reports provided by a worldwide network of correspondents. The reports contain the names and contact information for all sources. Please note that these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. The Global Volcanism Program welcomes further reports of current volcanism, seismic unrest, monitoring data, and field observations.  相似文献   

Catchment‐scale sensitivity and uncertainty in water quality modelling          下载免费PDF全文

Barry Hankin  Sally Bielby  Linda Pope  John Douglass 《水文研究》2016,30(22):4004-4018

In this paper, we assess the performance of the catchment model SIMulated CATchment model (SIMCAT), to predict nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations against four monitoring regimes with different spatial and temporal sampling frequencies. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) uncertainty framework is used, along with a general sensitivity analysis to understand relative parameter sensitivity. Improvements to model calibration are explored by introducing more detailed process representation using the Integrated Catchments model (INCA) water quality model, driven by the European hydrological predictions for the environment model. The results show how targeted sampling of headwater watercourses upstream of point discharges is essential for calibrating diffuse loads and can exert a strong influence on the whole‐catchment model performance. Further downstream, if the point discharges and loads are accurately represented, then the improvement in the catchment‐scale model performance is relatively small as more calibration points are added or frequency is increased. The higher‐order, dynamic model integrated catchments model of phosphorus dynamics, which incorporates sediment and biotic interaction, resulted in improved whole‐catchment performance over SIMCAT, although there are still large epistemic uncertainties from land‐phase export coefficients and runoff. However, the very large sampling errors in routine monitoring make it difficult to invest confidence in the modelling, especially because we know phosphorous transport to be very episodic and driven by high flow conditions for which there are few samples. The environmental modelling community seems to have been stuck in this position for some time, and whilst it is useful to use an uncertainty framework to highlight these issues, it has not widely been adopted, perhaps because there is no clear mechanism to allow uncertainties to influence investment decisions. This raises the question as to whether it might better place a cost on uncertainty and use this to drive more data collection or improved models, before making investment decisions concerning, for example, mitigation strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Characterization of Navajo Sandstone concretions: Mars comparison and criteria for distinguishing diagenetic origins     

Sally L Potter  Marjorie A. Chan  Erich U. Petersen  M. Darby Dyar  Elizabeth Sklute 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2011,301(3-4):444-456

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Patterns,puzzles and people: implementing hydrologic synthesis   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sally E. Thompson  C. J. Harman  R. Schumer  J. S. Wilson  N. B. Basu  P. D. Brooks  S. D. Donner  M. A. Hassan  A. I. Packman  P. S. C. Rao  P. A. Troch  M. Sivapalan 《水文研究》2011,25(20):3256-3266

There have been several calls made for hydrologic synthesis research: namely activities which unify diverse data sources across sites, scales and disciplines to uncover new connections and to promote a holistic understanding of water science. This paper draws on the NSF‐funded Hydrological Synthesis Project (HSP) run by the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign to elucidate mechanisms, benefits and challenges of implementing hydrologic synthesis research from the perspectives of participants in a pilot research study. Two broadly different mechanisms of implementing synthesis were adopted in the HSP: 6‐week Summer Institutes in which Ph.D. students conducted team‐based research under the guidance of faculty mentors, and focused workshops which disseminated knowledge and shared experiences between scientists at many different career levels. The Summer Institutes were a test bed in which new ideas could be explored, assisted students in developing a wide range of skills, and were highly productive, but posed challenges for mentors and students because the ‘new’ research topics initiated during the Institutes' programmes needed to be completed in competition with students' ongoing Ph.D. research or mentor's existing research programs. The workshop‐based model circumvented this conflict and was also highly productive, but did not offer the same opportunity to experiment with new ideas as part of the synthesis research. Leadership, trust, flexibility and long gestation times were all important to bringing synthesis research to a positive resolution. Funding models that embrace the exploratory aspects of synthesis and provide adequate support to mentors and students over these long timescales would facilitate future hydrologic synthesis research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Trends in Australian rainfall: contribution of tropical cyclones and closed lows     

Sally L. Lavender  Deborah J. Abbs 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(1-2):317-326

Over the past 40 years there have been significant changes in Australian rainfall with increases in the north-west and decreases in the east. Tropical cyclones (TCs) and other closed low pressure systems are important synoptic systems that provide a large proportion of Australia’s annual rainfall. This study examines the proportion of rainfall that can be attributed to TCs over the 1970–2009 period, and to TCs combined with other closed lows over the 1989–2009 period. The contribution of these systems to Australian rainfall trends is also analysed. Tropical cyclones are found to have little influence on rainfall trends over the full time period. However, when the more recent 21-year period is considered, TCs and other closed low pressure systems can partially explain the positive rainfall trend in the north-west. Similarly, other closed low pressure systems, such as cut-off lows and east coast lows, can explain some of the negative rainfall trend in the south-east. The contribution of TCs and other closed low pressure systems to rainfall trends in the north and south-east is found to be predominantly due to respective increases and decreases in the rainfall producing efficiency of the systems. An understanding of the influence of these synoptic systems on Australian rainfall in the current climate is vital for evaluating how Australia's water budget may change in future climates.  相似文献   

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co-production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia     

Robert A. Farnan  Sally Beckenham  Carl Middleton 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2023,44(1):37-43

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Implications of sea-level rise and extreme events around Europe: a review of coastal energy infrastructure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sally Brown  Susan Hanson  Robert J. Nicholls 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):81-95

Sea-level rise and extreme events have the potential to significantly impact coastal energy infrastructure through flooding and erosion. Disruptions to supply, transportation and storage of energy have global ramifications and potential contamination of the natural environment. On a European scale, there is limited information about energy facilities and their strategic plans for adapting to climate change. Using a Geographical Information System this paper assesses coastal energy infrastructure, comprising (1) oil/gas/LNG/tanker terminals and (2) nuclear power stations. It discusses planning and adaptation for sea-level rise and extreme events. Results indicate 158 major oil/gas/LNG/tanker terminals in the European coastal zone, with 40 % located on the North Sea coast. There are 71 operating nuclear reactors on the coast (37 % of the total of European coastal countries), with further locations planned in the Black, Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The UK has three times more coastal energy facilities than any other country. Many north-west European countries who have a high reliance on coastal energy infrastructure have a high awareness of sea-level rise and plan for future change. With long design lives of energy facilities, anticipating short, medium and long-term environmental and climatic change is crucial in the design, future monitoring and maintenance of facilities. Adaptation of coastal infrastructure is of international importance, so will be an ongoing important issue throughout the 21^st century.  相似文献   

Decadal predictability of soil water,vegetation, and wildfire frequency over North America     

Yoshimitsu Chikamoto  Axel Timmermann  Samantha Stevenson  Pedro DiNezio  Sally Langford 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(7-8):2213-2235

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